Simulation and scaling of temporal variation in gross primary production for coniferous and deciduous temperate forests

Observations of ecosystem net carbon dioxide exchange obtained with eddy covariance techniques over a 4‐year period at spruce, beech and pine forest sites were used to derive time series data for gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco). A detailed canopy gas exchange model (PROXELNEE) was inverted at half‐hour time step to estimate seasonal changes in carboxylation capacity and light utilization efficiency of the forest canopies. The parameter estimates were then used further to develop a time‐dependent modifier of physiological activity in the daily time step gas exchange model of Chen et al. (1999) , previously used for regional simulations in BOREAS. The daily model was run under a variety of assumptions and the results emphasize the need in future analyses: (1) to focus on time‐dependent seasonal changes in canopy physiology as well as in leaf area index, (2) to compare time courses of physiological change in different habitats in terms of recognizable cardinal points in the seasonal course, and (3) to develop methods for utilizing information on seasonal changes in physiology in regional and continental carbon budget simulations. The results suggest that the daily model with appropriate seasonal adjustments for physiological process regulation should be an efficient tool for use in conjunction with remote sensing for regional evaluation of global change scenarios.

[1]  J. Tenhunen,et al.  Variation in forest gas exchange at landscape to continental scales , 1998 .

[2]  Jing M. Chen,et al.  Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatial scaling for remote sensing applications , 1999 .

[3]  J. Chen,et al.  Net primary productivity distribution in the BOREAS region from a process model using satellite and surface data , 1999 .

[4]  H. Pfanz,et al.  Ecology and ecophysiology of tree stems: corticular and wood photosynthesis , 2002, Naturwissenschaften.

[5]  C. Field,et al.  A reanalysis using improved leaf models and a new canopy integration scheme , 1992 .

[6]  Ü. Rannik,et al.  A model-based study of carbon fluxes at ten European forest sites , 2003 .

[7]  Ü. Rannik,et al.  Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange , 2001 .

[8]  N. Jensen,et al.  Stomatal acclimation influences water and carbon fluxes of a beech canopy in northern Germany , 2001 .

[9]  John Tenhunen,et al.  A model separating leaf structural and physiological effects on carbon gain along light gradients for the shade‐tolerant species Acer saccharum , 1997 .

[10]  J. Tenhunen,et al.  Effects of Phenology, Physiology, and Gradients in Community Composition, Structure, and Microclimate on Tundra Ecosystem CO2 Exchange , 1995 .

[11]  D. Pury,et al.  Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopies without the errors of big‐leaf models , 1997 .

[12]  E. Falge,et al.  A model of the gas exchange response ofPicea abies to habitat conditions , 1996, Trees.

[13]  M. Bahn,et al.  A nitrogen sensitive model of leaf carbon dioxide and water vapour gas exchange: application to 13 key species from differently managed mountain grassland ecosystems , 1998 .

[14]  Gordon B. Bonan,et al.  Land-atmosphere CO2 exchange simulated by a land surface process model coupled to an atmospheric general circulation model , 1995 .

[15]  W. Oechel,et al.  Seasonality of ecosystem respiration and gross primary production as derived from FLUXNET measurements , 2001 .

[16]  Andrew E. Suyker,et al.  Year‐round observations of the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in a native tallgrass prairie , 2001 .

[17]  Josef Cihlar,et al.  Net primary productivity mapped for Canada at 1-km resolution , 2002 .

[18]  Ü. Rannik,et al.  Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology , 2000 .

[19]  R. Nemani,et al.  MODIS DAILY PHOTOSYNTHESIS (PSN) AND ANNUAL NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION (NPP) PRODUCT (MOD17) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document , 1999 .

[20]  S. Fleck.  Integrated analysis of relationships between 3D structure, leaf photosynthesis, and branch transpiration of mature Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea trees in a mixed forest stand , 2001 .

[21]  P. Rundel.  Plants in changing environments: Linking physiological, population and community ecology , 1997 .

[22]  Steven W. Running,et al.  Strategies for measuring and modelling carbon dioxide and water vapour fluxes over terrestrial ecosystems , 1996 .

[23]  S. Goward,et al.  Global Primary Production: A Remote Sensing Approach , 1995 .

[24]  K. Wirtz.  Simulating the Dynamics of Leaf Physiology and Morphology with an Extended Optimality Approach , 2000 .

[25]  E. Falge,et al.  A model of the gas exchange response of , 1996 .

[26]  John Tenhunen,et al.  Environmental and endogenous controls on leaf- and stand-level water conductance in a Scots pine plantation , 1998 .

[27]  P. Hari,et al.  Long-term field measurements of atmosphere-surface interactions in boreal forest combining forest ecology, micrometeorology, aerosol physics and atmospheric chemistry , 1998 .

[28]  John Tenhunen,et al.  Simulations of canopy net photosynthesis and transpiration in Quercus ilex L. under the influence of seasonal drought , 1996 .

[29]  J. Tenhunen,et al.  Ecosystem studies, land-use change, and resource management , 1999 .

[30]  Stan D. Wullschleger,et al.  Biochemical Limitations to Carbon Assimilation in C3 Plants—A Retrospective Analysis of the A/Ci Curves from 109 Species , 1993 .

[31]  John M. Norman,et al.  4 – Scaling Processes between Leaf and Canopy Levels , 1993 .

[32]  Dennis D. Baldocchi,et al.  Leaf age affects the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacity and net ecosystem exchange of carbon in a deciduous forest , 2001 .

[33]  S. Running,et al.  A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications I. Hydrologic balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes , 1988 .

[34]  J. William Munger,et al.  Measurements of carbon sequestration by long‐term eddy covariance: methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy , 1996 .

[35]  Tiina Markkanen,et al.  Interannual variability and timing of growing‐season CO2 exchange in a boreal forest , 2003 .

[36]  Graham D. Farquhar,et al.  Modelling of Photosynthetic Response to Environmental Conditions , 1982 .

[37]  Dennis D. Baldocchi,et al.  Spatial and seasonal variability of photosynthetic parameters and their relationship to leaf nitrogen in a deciduous forest. , 2000, Tree physiology.

[38]  G. Collatz,et al.  Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: a model that includes a laminar boundary layer , 1991 .

[39]  Eric Ceschia,et al.  The carbon balance of a young Beech forest , 2000 .

[40]  J. Tenhunen,et al.  Severe drought effects on ecosystem CO2 and H2O fluxes at three Mediterranean evergreen sites: revision of current hypotheses? , 2002 .

[41]  Tenhunen,et al.  Responses of foliar photosynthetic electron transport, pigment stoichiometry, and stomatal conductance to interacting environmental factors in a mixed species forest canopy. , 1999, Tree physiology.

[42]  J. Lloyd,et al.  On the temperature dependence of soil respiration , 1994 .

[43]  J. Berry,et al.  A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species , 1980, Planta.