Experimental study of vortex breakdown in swirling jets

The goal of this study is to characterize the various breakdown states taking place in a swirling water jet as the swirl ratio S and Reynolds number Re are varied. A pressure-driven water jet discharges into a large tank, swirl being imparted by means of a motor which sets into rotation a honeycomb within a settling chamber. The experiments are conducted for two distinct jet diameters by varying the swirl ratio S while maintaining the Reynolds number Re fixed in the range 300<Re<1200. Breakdown is observed to occur when S reaches a well defined threshold Sc≈1.3–1.4 which is independent of Re and nozzle diameter used. This critical value is found to be in good agreement with a simple criterion derived in the same spirit as the first stage of Escudier & Keller's (1983) theory. Four distinct forms of vortex breakdown are identified: the well documented bubble state, a new cone configuration in which the vortex takes the form of an open conical sheet, and two associated asymmetric bubble and asymmetric cone states, which are only observed at large Reynolds numbers. The two latter configurations differ from the former by the precession of the stagnation point around the jet axis in a co-rotating direction with respect to the upstream vortex flow. The two flow configurations, bubble or cone, are observed to coexist above the threshold Sc at the same values of the Reynolds number Re and swirl parameter S. The selection of breakdown state is extremely sensitive to small temperature inhomogeneities present in the apparatus. When S reaches Sc, breakdown gradually sets in, a stagnation point appearing in the downstream turbulent region of the flow and slowly moving upstream until it reaches an equilibrium location. In an intermediate range of Reynolds numbers, the breakdown threshold displays hysteresis lying in the ability of the breakdown state to remain stable for S<Sc once it has taken place. Below the onset of breakdown, i.e. when 0<S<Sc, the swirling jet is highly asymmetric and takes the shape of a steady helix. By contrast above breakdown onset, cross-section visualizations indicate that the cone and the bubble are axisymmetric. The cone is observed to undergo slow oscillations induced by secondary recirculating motions that are independent of confinement effects.