Less physical activity and more varied and disrupted sleep is associated with a less favorable metabolic profile in adolescents

Background Sleep and physical activity are modifiable behaviors that play an important role in preventing overweight, obesity, and metabolic health problems. Studies of the association between concurrent objective measures of sleep, physical activity, and metabolic risk factors among adolescents are limited. Objective The aim of the study was to examine the association between metabolic risk factors and objectively measured school day physical activity and sleep duration, quality, onset, and variability in adolescents. Materials and Methods We measured one school week of free-living sleep and physical activity with wrist actigraphy in 252 adolescents (146 girls), aged 15.8±0.3 years. Metabolic risk factors included body mass index, waist circumference, total body and trunk fat percentage, resting blood pressure, and fasting glucose and insulin levels. Multiple linear regression adjusted for sex, parental education, and day length was used to assess associations between metabolic risk factors and sleep and activity parameters. Results On average, participants went to bed at 00:22±0.88 hours and slept 6.2±0.7 hours/night, with 0.83±0.36 hours of awakenings/night. However, night-to-night variability in sleep duration (0.87±0.57 hours) and bedtime (0.79±0.58 hours) was considerable. Neither average sleep duration nor mean bedtime was associated with any metabolic risk factors. However, greater night-to-night variability in sleep duration was associated with higher total body (β=1.9±0.9 %/h, p=0.03) and trunk fat percentage (β=1.6±0.7 %/h, p=0.02), poorer sleep quality (more hours of awakening) was associated with higher systolic blood pressure (β=4.9±2.2 mmHg/h, p=0.03), and less physical activity was associated with higher trunk fat percentage (p=0.04) and insulin levels (p=0.01). Conclusion Greater nightly variation in sleep, lower sleep quality, and less physical activity was associated with a less favorable metabolic profile in adolescents. These findings support the idea that, along with an adequate amount of sleep and physical activity, a regular sleep schedule is important to the metabolic health of adolescents.

[1]  Iceland , 2020 .

[2]  C. Giordano,et al.  Impact of Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity on Body Composition Parameters, Lipid Profile Markers, and Irisin Levels in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study , 2020, Nutrients.

[3]  A. Haqq,et al.  Lean mass reference curves in adolescents using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) , 2020, PloS one.

[4]  L. Bonanno,et al.  Assessment of sleep and obesity in adults and children , 2019, Medicine.

[5]  Y. Shim,et al.  Association of Sleep Duration with Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents: A Population-Based Study , 2019, Scientific Reports.

[6]  Kong Y. Chen,et al.  Associations of sleep patterns with metabolic syndrome indices, body composition, and energy intake in children and adolescents , 2019, Pediatric obesity.

[7]  R. Colley,et al.  Comparison of self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity among Canadian youth. , 2018, Health reports.

[8]  T. Dwyer,et al.  Cluster patterns of behavioural risk factors among children: Longitudinal associations with adult cardio-metabolic risk factors. , 2019, Preventive medicine.

[9]  W. Kraus,et al.  The Scientific Foundation for the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd Edition. , 2019, Journal of physical activity & health.

[10]  S. Carlson,et al.  The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans , 2018, JAMA.

[11]  International Association for the Study of Obesity , 2018, The Grants Register 2019.

[12]  T. Robinson,et al.  Sleep duration, timing, variability and measures of adiposity among 8‐ to 12‐year‐old children with obesity , 2018, Obesity science & practice.

[13]  Kong Y. Chen,et al.  Less screen time and more frequent vigorous physical activity is associated with lower risk of reporting negative mental health symptoms among Icelandic adolescents , 2018, PloS one.

[14]  Erlingur Jóhannsson,et al.  Hreyfing og svefn reykvískra ungmenna , 2018 .

[15]  R. Colley,et al.  Comparison of self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity in Canadian adults. , 2018, Health reports.

[16]  Kong Y. Chen,et al.  [Physical activity and sleep in Icelandic adolescents]. , 2018, Laeknabladid.

[17]  H. Loureiro,et al.  Overweight in youth and sleep quality: is there a link? , 2017, Archives of endocrinology and metabolism.

[18]  Kong Y. Chen,et al.  Sleep deficiency on school days in Icelandic youth, as assessed by wrist accelerometry. , 2017, Sleep medicine.

[19]  Francisco B. Ortega,et al.  Accelerometer Data Collection and Processing Criteria to Assess Physical Activity and Other Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Practical Considerations , 2017, Sports Medicine.

[20]  D. Kaelber,et al.  Defining and Diagnosing Elevated Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents , 2016, Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports.

[21]  S. Brand,et al.  The relationship between physical activity and sleep from mid adolescence to early adulthood. A systematic review of methodological approaches and meta-analysis. , 2016, Sleep medicine reviews.

[22]  Russell R. Pate,et al.  Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. , 2016, Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme.

[23]  I. Janssen,et al.  Sleep duration estimates of Canadian children and adolescents , 2016, Journal of sleep research.

[24]  V. Gudnason,et al.  Influence of Day Length and Physical Activity on Sleep Patterns in Older Icelandic Men and Women. , 2016, Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

[25]  E. Bixler,et al.  Habitual sleep variability, mediated by nutrition intake, is associated with abdominal obesity in adolescents. , 2015, Sleep medicine.

[26]  M. Hirshkowitz,et al.  National Sleep Foundation's updated sleep duration recommendations: final report. , 2015, Sleep health.

[27]  Ciyong Lu,et al.  Associations between Sleep Duration and Overweight/Obesity: Results from 66,817 Chinese Adolescents , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[28]  F. Hu,et al.  The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture , 2015, PharmacoEconomics.

[29]  Thomas Penzel,et al.  Agreement of different methods for assessing sleep characteristics: a comparison of two actigraphs, wrist and hip placement, and self-report with polysomnography. , 2014, Sleep medicine.

[30]  S. Pallesen,et al.  Sleep and body mass index in adolescence: results from a large population-based study of Norwegian adolescents aged 16 to 19 years , 2014, BMC Pediatrics.

[31]  F. Scheer,et al.  Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes , 2014, Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity.

[32]  K. Matthews,et al.  Sleep in Healthy Black and White Adolescents , 2014, Pediatrics.

[33]  L. Dubé,et al.  Sleep and eating in childhood: a potential behavioral mechanism underlying the relationship between poor sleep and obesity. , 2014, Sleep medicine.

[34]  C. Boesch,et al.  Aerobic exercise but not resistance exercise reduces intrahepatic lipid content and visceral fat and improves insulin sensitivity in obese adolescent girls: a randomized controlled trial. , 2013, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[35]  Shahrad Taheri,et al.  An Investigation into the Strength of the Association and Agreement Levels between Subjective and Objective Sleep Duration in Adolescents , 2013, PloS one.

[36]  T. Olds,et al.  Sleep duration or bedtime? Exploring the association between sleep timing behaviour, diet and BMI in children and adolescents , 2013, International Journal of Obesity.

[37]  André Tchernof,et al.  Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update. , 2013, Physiological reviews.

[38]  K. Matthews,et al.  Sleep duration and insulin resistance in healthy black and white adolescents. , 2012, Sleep.

[39]  N. Marshall,et al.  The burden of insomnia on individual function and healthcare consumption in Australia , 2012, Australian and New Zealand journal of public health.

[40]  E. Johannsson,et al.  Limited effects of a 2-year school-based physical activity intervention on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in 7-year-old children. , 2012, Health education research.

[41]  Céline Vetter,et al.  Social Jetlag and Obesity , 2012, Current Biology.

[42]  C. Rich,et al.  Seasonal variation in accelerometer-determined sedentary behaviour and physical activity in children: a review , 2012, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity.

[43]  M. Carskadon,et al.  The discrepancy between actigraphic and sleep diary measures of sleep in adolescents. , 2012, Sleep medicine.

[44]  Ulf Ekelund,et al.  Moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. , 2012, JAMA.

[45]  Y. Manios,et al.  Short sleep duration is associated with increased obesity markers in European adolescents: effect of physical activity and dietary habits. The HELENA study , 2011, International Journal of Obesity.

[46]  Jennifer L Martin,et al.  Wrist actigraphy. , 2011, Chest.

[47]  T. Sørensen,et al.  Short sleep duration as a possible cause of obesity: critical analysis of the epidemiological evidence , 2011, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[48]  David Gozal,et al.  Sleep Duration, Sleep Regularity, Body Weight, and Metabolic Homeostasis in School-aged Children , 2011, Pediatrics.

[49]  Roger J. R. Levesque,et al.  Obesity and Overweight , 2011 .

[50]  Rachel Leproult,et al.  Role of sleep and sleep loss in hormonal release and metabolism. , 2010, Endocrine development.

[51]  Marta Garaulet,et al.  Chronobiology, genetics and metabolic syndrome , 2009, Current opinion in lipidology.

[52]  G. Scalzo,et al.  Body composition assessment by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) , 2009, La radiologia medica.

[53]  D. Lauderdale,et al.  Sociodemographic and behavioral predictors of bed time and wake time among US adolescents aged 15 to 17 years. , 2009, The Journal of pediatrics.

[54]  S. Caprio,et al.  Ectopic Fat Deposition and the Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children and Adolescents , 2009, Hormone Research in Paediatrics.

[55]  S. Redline,et al.  Sleep Quality and Elevated Blood Pressure in Adolescents , 2008, Circulation.

[56]  L. Mâsse,et al.  Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. , 2008, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[57]  Udo Hoffmann,et al.  Abdominal Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Compartments: Association With Metabolic Risk Factors in the Framingham Heart Study , 2007, Circulation.

[58]  T. Cole,et al.  Body fat reference curves for children , 2006, International Journal of Obesity.

[59]  C. Boesch,et al.  Neonatal Body Composition: Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Three-Dimensional Chemical Shift Imaging versus Chemical Analysis in Piglets , 1999, Pediatric Research.

[60]  Rachel K. Johnson,et al.  Predicting body composition from anthropometry in pre-adolescent children , 1999, International Journal of Obesity.

[61]  Y. Benjamini,et al.  Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing , 1995 .

[62]  A. Sadeh,et al.  Activity-based sleep-wake identification: an empirical test of methodological issues. , 1994, Sleep.