Graphene Integrated Microwave Photonics

This paper proposes and analyzes the incorporation of graphene to integrated waveguides and circuits for application to the field of microwave photonics (MWP). We discuss the main optical and electronic properties of graphene in connection to its operation in the optical region of the spectrum, including their tunability by electrical means. We use numerical techniques to evaluate the impact of graphene on the effective index and absorption of the propagating modes in several waveguide designs and use these results to design several fundamental building components that are instrumental in the implementation of several key MWP functionalities including tunable phase-shifters, true time delay lines and Bragg grating filters. Our results suggest that the incorporation of graphene to silicon waveguides can bring important potential benefits, especially in terms of modest power consumption, high tuning speed with respect to other techniques used for current tuneable MWP devices and increased operation bandwidth.

[1]  R. Minasian,et al.  Reflectively tapped fibre optic transversal filter using in-fibre Bragg gratings , 1995 .

[2]  I. Bennion,et al.  Fibre grating time delay element for phased array antennas , 1995 .

[3]  José Azaña,et al.  Synthesis of temporal optical waveforms by fiber Bragg gratings: a new approach based on space-to-frequency-to-time mapping , 2002 .

[4]  Jianping Yao,et al.  Wideband true-time-delay beam former that employs a tunable chirped fiber grating prism. , 2003, Applied optics.

[5]  Stavros Iezekiel.  Microwave Photonic Signal Processing , 2004 .

[6]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  The rise of graphene. , 2007, Nature materials.

[7]  G. Hanson.  Dyadic Green's functions and guided surface waves for a surface conductivity model of graphene , 2007, cond-mat/0701205.

[8]  José Capmany,et al.  Microwave photonics combines two worlds , 2007 .

[9]  C.K. Madsen,et al.  A Novel Broadband Photonic RF Phase Shifter , 2008, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[10]  Yves Painchaud,et al.  Multi-channel notch filter based on a phase-shift phase-only-sampled fiber Bragg grating. , 2008, Optics express.

[11]  Kwang S. Kim,et al.  Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes , 2009, Nature.

[12]  J. Khurgin,et al.  Microwave Photonic Delay Line With Separate Tuning of the Optical Carrier , 2009, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[13]  A. Reina,et al.  Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. , 2009, Nano letters.

[14]  J. Capmany,et al.  Wideband 360 degrees microwave photonic phase shifter based on slow light in semiconductor optical amplifiers. , 2010, Optics express.

[15]  J. Capmany,et al.  Broadband true time delay for microwave signal processing, using slow light based on stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers. , 2010, Optics express.

[16]  M. Marder.  Condensed Matter Physics: Marder/Condensed , 2010 .

[17]  Kwang S. Kim,et al.  Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes. , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[18]  A. Ferrari,et al.  Graphene Photonics and Optoelectroncs , 2010, CLEO 2012.

[19]  Minhao Pu,et al.  Tunable Microwave Phase Shifter Based on Silicon-on-Insulator Microring Resonator , 2010, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[20]  Leimeng Zhuang,et al.  On-chip CMOS compatible reconfigurable optical delay line with separate carrier tuning for microwave photonic signal processing. , 2011, Optics express.

[21]  Xiang Zhang,et al.  A graphene-based broadband optical modulator , 2011, Nature.

[22]  Nader Engheta,et al.  Transformation Optics Using Graphene , 2011, Science.

[23]  Antonio-Daniele Capobianco,et al.  Graphene-assisted control of coupling between optical waveguides. , 2012, Optics express.

[24]  Xiang Zhang,et al.  Double-layer graphene optical modulator. , 2012, Nano letters.

[25]  Shuangchun Wen,et al.  Microwave and optical saturable absorption in graphene. , 2012, Optics express.

[26]  Xiaofeng Qian,et al.  Patterning of graphene. , 2012, Nanoscale.

[27]  Longzhi Yang,et al.  Characteristics of electro-refractive modulating based on Graphene-Oxide-Silicon waveguide. , 2012, Optics express.

[28]  Antonio-Daniele Capobianco,et al.  Graphene-assisted critically-coupled optical ring modulator. , 2012, Optics express.

[29]  K. Williams,et al.  Microwave photonics , 2002 .

[30]  Jianping Yao,et al.  Tunable microwave photonic phase shifter based on slow and fast light effects in a tilted fiber Bragg grating. , 2012, Optics express.

[31]  Wangshi Zhao,et al.  Nanoscale electro-optic modulators based on graphene-slot waveguides , 2012 .

[32]  H. P. Bazargani,et al.  Ultrashort Flat-Top Pulse Generation Using On-Chip CMOS-Compatible Mach–Zehnder Interferometers , 2012, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[33]  José Capmany,et al.  Integrated microwave photonics , 2019, Nature Photonics.

[34]  Ming Li,et al.  Integrated waveguide Bragg gratings for microwave photonics signal processing. , 2013, Optics express.

[35]  Lei Liu,et al.  Graphene for Reconfigurable Terahertz Optoelectronics , 2013, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[36]  J. Mora,et al.  Microwave Photonic Signal Processing , 2015, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[37]  C. Roeloffzen,et al.  Silicon nitride microwave photonic circuits. , 2013, Optics express.

[38]  Longzhi Yang,et al.  Proposal for a 2$\,\times\,$2 Optical Switch Based on Graphene-Silicon-Waveguide Microring , 2014, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[39]  Pascual Muñoz,et al.  Silicon graphene waveguide tunable broadband microwave photonics phase shifter. , 2014, Optics express.

[40]  Jonghwan Kim,et al.  Graphene for Tunable Nanophotonic Resonators , 2014, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.