DHW Design Flow Rates and Consumption Profiles in Educational, Office Buildings and Shopping Centres

The paper gives a thorough survey of the studies of different authors in the field of domestic hot water (DHW) consumption and consumption profiles. It presents an overview of the research done into DHW by the Tallinn University of Technology. Working out on the basis of investigations has been new empirical formulas for determining design flow rates for schools, kindergartens, office buildings and shopping centres. DHW consumption profiles of typical buildings are presented. Comparisons are given on the determination of DHW design flow rates by the standard EVS 835, the EN 806-3 and the recommended formulas. The latter makes it possible to considerably decrease the design flow rates which in turn enables to deminish the load of the equipment, to improve the quality of control and to decrease the diameters of the pipes of the district heating network and the losses of heat in them.

[1]  Janusz Bujak,et al.  Heat consumption for preparing domestic hot water in hospitals , 2010 .

[2]  Zoltán Szánthó,et al.  Measurement study on demand of domestic hot water in residential buildings , 2007 .

[3]  Konstantinos Papakostas,et al.  Residential hot water use patterns in Greece , 1994 .

[4]  Racine Tadeu Araújo Prado,et al.  Water heating through electric shower and energy demand , 1998 .

[5]  Josua P. Meyer,et al.  Domestic hot water consumption in South African houses for developed and developing communities , 1997 .

[6]  Tomasz Cholewa,et al.  Experimental investigations of a decentralized system for heating and hot water generation in a residential building , 2010 .

[7]  Rodney Anthony Stewart,et al.  End use water consumption in households: impact of socio-demographic factors and efficient devices , 2013 .

[8]  Per O. Danig,et al.  Monitoring the energy consumption in a district heated apartment building in Copenhagen, with specific interest in the thermodynamic performance , 2004 .

[9]  Jerker Delsing,et al.  Experimental verification of a method for estimating energy for domestic hot water production in a 2-stage district heating substation , 2009 .

[10]  M. Alary,et al.  Risk factors for contamination of domestic hot water systems by legionellae , 1991, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[11]  T. M. Muya.  Hot water consumption in South Africa , 2012 .

[12]  Cheng-Li Cheng.  Study of the inter-relationship between water use and energy conservation for a building , 2002 .

[13]  C. Aguilar,et al.  Domestic Water Heating and Water Heater Energy Consumption in Canada , 2005 .

[14]  M. Sarr,et al.  Influence of domestic hot water parameters on the energy consumption of large buildings in Senegal , 2003 .

[15]  Rodney Anthony Stewart,et al.  Alarming visual display monitors affecting shower end use water and energy conservation in Australian residential households. , 2010 .

[16]  P. G. Rousseau,et al.  Sanitary hot water consumption patterns in commercial and industrial sectors in South Africa: Impact on heating system design , 2006 .

[17]  C. G. Carrington,et al.  Structure of domestic hot water consumption , 1985 .

[18]  Rick Diamond,et al.  Domestic hot water consumption in four low-income apartment buildings , 1987 .

[19]  Hirohisa Aki,et al.  Fuel cells and energy networks of electricity, heat, and hydrogen: A demonstration in hydrogen-fueled apartments , 2012 .

[20]  Jay Burch,et al.  Development of Standardized Domestic Hot Water Event Schedules for Residential Buildings , 2008 .

[21]  Shiming Deng,et al.  Energy and water uses and their performance explanatory indicators in hotels in Hong Kong , 2003 .

[22]  G. J. Delport,et al.  The modelling and control of hot water consumption in residential hostels , 1999, 1999 IEEE Africon. 5th Africon Conference in Africa (Cat. No.99CH36342).

[23]  Adel A. Hegazy,et al.  Effect of inlet design on the performance of storage-type domestic electrical water heaters , 2007 .

[24]  F. S. Goldner.  Try these on for size: New guidelines for multifamily water heating , 1996 .

[25]  Teet-Andrus Koiv,et al.  Trends in domestic hot water consumption in Estonian apartment buildings , 2006 .

[26]  Nicholas J Ashbolt,et al.  Legionellae in engineered systems and use of quantitative microbial risk assessment to predict exposure. , 2012, Water research.