Biomimicry at the nanoscale: current research and perspectives of two-photon polymerization.

Living systems such as cells and tissues are extremely sensitive to their surrounding physico-chemical microenvironment. In the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, the maintenance of culture conditions suitable for the formation of proliferation niches, for the self-renewal maintenance of stem cells, or for the promotion of a particular differentiation fate is an important issue that has been addressed using different strategies. A number of investigations suggests that a particular cell behavior can be in vitro resembled by mimicking the corresponding in vivo conditions. In this context, several biomimetic environments have been designed in order to control cell phenotypes and functions. In this review, we will analyze the most recent examples of the control of the in vitro physical micro/nano-environment by exploiting an innovative technique of high resolution 3D photolithography, the two-photon polymerization (2pp). The biomedical applications of this versatile and disruptive computer assisted design/manufacturing technology are very wide, and range from the fabrication of biomimetic and nanostructured scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, to the microfabrication of biomedical devices, like ossicular replacement prosthesis and microneedles.

[1]  B. Mazzolai,et al.  Nanostructured Brownian surfaces prepared through two-photon polymerization: investigation of stem cell response. , 2014, ACS Nano.

[2]  Barbara Mazzolai,et al.  The Osteoprint: a bioinspired two-photon polymerized 3-D structure for the enhancement of bone-like cell differentiation. , 2014, Acta biomaterialia.

[3]  Luke P. Lee,et al.  Bioinspired Fabrication of High‐Quality 3D Artificial Compound Eyes by Voxel‐Modulation Femtosecond Laser Writing for Distortion‐Free Wide‐Field‐of‐View Imaging , 2014 .

[4]  S. Kawata,et al.  Direct Laser Writing of 3D Architectures of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes , 2014, Advanced materials.

[5]  Roberto Osellame,et al.  Optimization of Femtosecond Laser Polymerized Structural Niches to Control Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Fate in Culture , 2014, Micromachines.

[6]  Jianping Fu,et al.  Hippo/YAP-mediated rigidity-dependent motor neuron differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells , 2014, Nature materials.

[7]  D. Correa,et al.  Fabrication of zinc oxide nanowires/polymer composites by two‐photon polymerization , 2014 .

[8]  Pawel Herzyk,et al.  Nanotopographical Effects on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Morphology and Phenotype , 2014, Journal of cellular biochemistry.

[9]  D. Correa,et al.  Direct laser writing by two-photon polymerization as a tool for developing microenvironments for evaluation of bacterial growth. , 2014, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[10]  Nathaniel Huebsch,et al.  Three-dimensional filamentous human diseased cardiac tissue model. , 2014, Biomaterials.

[11]  B. Mazzolai,et al.  Two-photon polymerization of sub-micrometric patterned surfaces: investigation of cell-substrate interactions and improved differentiation of neuron-like cells. , 2013, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[12]  Boris N. Chichkov,et al.  High-aspect 3D two-photon polymerization structuring with widened objective working range (WOW-2PP) , 2013, Light: Science & Applications.

[13]  M. Schaffler,et al.  Osteocyte differentiation is regulated by extracellular matrix stiffness and intercellular separation. , 2013, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[14]  Mark Holm Olsen,et al.  In-chip fabrication of free-form 3D constructs for directed cell migration analysis. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[15]  G. Lyons,et al.  Image-inspired 3D multiphoton excited fabrication of extracellular matrix structures by modulated raster scanning. , 2013, Optics express.

[16]  Aleksandr Ovsianikov,et al.  Hydrogels for Two‐Photon Polymerization: A Toolbox for Mimicking the Extracellular Matrix , 2013 .

[17]  E. Mitchell,et al.  Mineralized self-assembled peptides on 3D laser-made scaffolds: a new route toward ‘scaffold on scaffold’ hard tissue engineering , 2013, Biofabrication.

[18]  Li Zhang,et al.  Fabrication and Characterization of Magnetic Microrobots for Three-Dimensional Cell Culture and Targeted Transportation , 2013, Advanced materials.

[19]  Saulius Juodkazis,et al.  Three-dimensional laser micro-sculpturing of silicone: towards bio-compatible scaffolds. , 2013, Optics express.

[20]  M. Malinauskas,et al.  Direct laser fabrication of composite material 3D microstructured scaffolds , 2013, 2013 Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics Europe & International Quantum Electronics Conference CLEO EUROPE/IQEC.

[21]  Benjamin Richter,et al.  Micro-engineered 3D scaffolds for cell culture studies. , 2012, Macromolecular bioscience.

[22]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Microscale Strategies for Generating Cell-Encapsulating Hydrogels. , 2012, Polymers.

[23]  Mangirdas Malinauskas,et al.  Micro-structured polymer scaffolds fabricated by direct laser writing for tissue engineering. , 2012, Journal of biomedical optics.

[24]  R. Steiner,et al.  Direct laser writing-mediated generation of standardized topographies for dental implant surface optimization , 2012 .

[25]  Mary E. Dickinson,et al.  Three‐Dimensional Biomimetic Patterning in Hydrogels to Guide Cellular Organization , 2012, Advanced materials.

[26]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Microfabricated Biomaterials for Engineering 3D Tissues , 2012, Advanced materials.

[27]  R. Osellame,et al.  Two-Photon Laser Polymerization: From Fundamentals to Biomedical Application in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine , 2012, Journal of applied biomaterials & functional materials.

[28]  B. Chichkov,et al.  Fabrication of microscale medical devices by two-photon polymerization with multiple foci via a spatial light modulator , 2011, Biomedical optics express.

[29]  R. Tannenbaum,et al.  The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale features on cell proliferation and differentiation. , 2011, Biomaterials.

[30]  M. Wegener,et al.  Two‐Component Polymer Scaffolds for Controlled Three‐Dimensional Cell Culture , 2011, Advanced materials.

[31]  K Sternberg,et al.  Three-dimensional laser micro- and nano-structuring of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) materials and evaluation of their cytoxicity for tissue engineering applications. , 2011, Acta biomaterialia.

[32]  F. O'Valle,et al.  Role of wettability and nanoroughness on interactions between osteoblast and modified silicon surfaces. , 2011, Acta biomaterialia.

[33]  B. Chichkov,et al.  Multiphoton polymerization of hybrid materials , 2010 .

[34]  A. Kasko,et al.  Two-photon lithography in the future of cell-based therapeutics and regenerative medicine: a review of techniques for hydrogel patterning and controlled release. , 2010, Future medicinal chemistry.

[35]  Edmondo Battista,et al.  Cells preferentially grow on rough substrates. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[36]  A. Wan,et al.  Three-dimensional microstructured tissue scaffolds fabricated by two-photon laser scanning photolithography. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[37]  Christopher G. Langhammer,et al.  Effects of substrate stiffness and cell density on primary hippocampal cultures. , 2010, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.

[38]  C. Martini,et al.  Multiscale morphology of organic semiconductor thin films controls the adhesion and viability of human neural cells. , 2010, Biophysical journal.

[39]  Aleksandr Ovsianikov,et al.  Two-photon polymerization of microneedles for transdermal drug delivery , 2010, Expert opinion on drug delivery.

[40]  J. Fischer,et al.  Elastic Fully Three‐dimensional Microstructure Scaffolds for Cell Force Measurements , 2010, Advanced materials.

[41]  R. Huang,et al.  Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions in Development and Disease , 2009, Cell.

[42]  A. Bandyopadhyay,et al.  Role of surface charge and wettability on early stage mineralization and bone cell-materials interactions of polarized hydroxyapatite. , 2009, Acta biomaterialia.

[43]  C. Grigoropoulos,et al.  Fabrication of arbitrary polymer patterns for cell study by two-photon polymerization process. , 2009, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[44]  Hong Xia,et al.  Remote manipulation of micronanomachines containing magnetic nanoparticles. , 2009, Optics letters.

[45]  Hirofumi Hidai,et al.  Self-standing aligned fiber scaffold fabrication by two photon photopolymerization , 2009, Biomedical microdevices.

[46]  Micah Dembo,et al.  Cell-cell mechanical communication through compliant substrates. , 2008, Biophysical journal.

[47]  Eric Mazur,et al.  3D Cell‐Migration Studies using Two‐Photon Engineered Polymer Scaffolds , 2008 .

[48]  Jennifer L. West,et al.  Three-dimensional micropatterning of bioactive hydrogels via two-photon laser scanning photolithography for guided 3D cell migration. , 2008, Biomaterials.

[49]  Dong-Yol Yang,et al.  Advances in 3D nano/microfabrication using two-photon initiated polymerization , 2008 .

[50]  I. Bruce,et al.  Inorganic materials for bone repair or replacement applications. , 2007, Nanomedicine.

[51]  Milan Makale,et al.  Cellular mechanobiology and cancer metastasis. , 2007, Birth defects research. Part C, Embryo today : reviews.

[52]  C. Wilkinson,et al.  The control of human mesenchymal cell differentiation using nanoscale symmetry and disorder. , 2007, Nature materials.

[53]  Boris N. Chichkov,et al.  Rapid prototyping of ossicular replacement prostheses , 2007 .

[54]  Stephen Barlow,et al.  65 nm feature sizes using visible wavelength 3-D multiphoton lithography. , 2007, Optics express.

[55]  B. Chichkov,et al.  Two photon induced polymerization of organic-inorganic hybrid biomaterials for microstructured medical devices. , 2006, Acta biomaterialia.

[56]  P. Janmey,et al.  Tissue Cells Feel and Respond to the Stiffness of Their Substrate , 2005, Science.

[57]  Saulius Juodkazis,et al.  Two-photon lithography of nanorods in SU-8 photoresist , 2005 .

[58]  Adam J. Engler,et al.  Myotubes differentiate optimally on substrates with tissue-like stiffness , 2004, The Journal of cell biology.

[59]  Satoshi Kawata,et al.  Two-photon polymerization of metal ions doped acrylate monomers and oligomers for three-dimensional structure fabrication , 2004 .

[60]  Kevin Barraclough,et al.  I and i , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[61]  Seth R. Marder,et al.  Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication , 1999, Nature.

[62]  R. Buxbaum,et al.  Cytomechanics of axonal development , 1997, Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics.

[63]  S. Kawata,et al.  Three-dimensional microfabrication with two-photon-absorbed photopolymerization. , 1997, Optics letters.

[64]  Martin Bastmeyer,et al.  Multifunctional polymer scaffolds with adjustable pore size and chemoattractant gradients for studying cell matrix invasion. , 2014, Biomaterials.

[65]  Roberto Osellame,et al.  Three-dimensional structural niches engineered via two-photon laser polymerization promote stem cell homing. , 2013, Acta biomaterialia.

[66]  Alexander K. Nguyen,et al.  Two-photon polymerization microstructuring in regenerative medicine. , 2013, Frontiers in bioscience.

[67]  Christine Unger,et al.  In vitro cell migration and invasion assays. , 2013, Mutation research.

[68]  W. Marsden.  I and J , 2012 .

[69]  J. Samitier,et al.  Effects of artificial micro- and nano-structured surfaces on cell behaviour. , 2009, Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft.

[70]  Jennifer L. West,et al.  Synthetic Materials in the Study of Cell Response to Substrate Rigidity , 2009, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[71]  Patrik Schmuki,et al.  Nanoscale engineering of biomimetic surfaces: cues from the extracellular matrix , 2009, Cell and Tissue Research.