Fluorescent nanorods and nanospheres for real-time in vivo probing of nanoparticle shape-dependent tumor penetration.

Nanomedicine has offered new hope for cancer treatment.[1] Nanotherapeutics exhibit many advantages over small-molecule chemotherapeutics, including diminished systemic toxicity and improved circulation times. Unfortunately, non-uniformly leaky vasculature[2] and a dense interstitial structure[3] hinder their effective delivery to tumors.[4] These physiological abnormalities make transvascular transport—movement from vessels to the interstitium—and interstitial transport—movement through the interstitium to target cells—heterogeneous.[4a] Hence the tumor microenvironment limits the uniform penetration of nanotherapeutics by slowing or halting their transport through hydrodynamic and steric hindrance.[2a,3a,5] Overcoming these physiological barriers in tumors is an outstanding challenge for nanomedicine.

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