The Scope and Persistence of Mere-Measurement Effects: Evidence from a Field Study of Customer Satisfaction Measurement

Self-generated validity research has demonstrated that responding to survey questions changes subsequently measured judgments and behavior. We examine the scope and persistence of the effect of measuring satisfaction on customer behavior over time. In a field experiment conducted in a financial services setting, we hypothesize and find that measuring satisfaction (a) changes one-time purchase behavior, (b) changes relational customer behaviors (likelihood of defection, aggregate product use, and profitability), and (c) results in effects that increase for months afterward and persist even a year later. These results raise questions concerning the design, interpretation, and ethics in the conduct of applied marketing research studies. Copyright 2002 by the University of Chicago.

[1]  Barbara Bickart,et al.  Carryover and Backfire Effects in Marketing Research , 1993 .

[2]  S. Chaiken,et al.  The psychology of attitudes. , 1993 .

[3]  John G. Lynch,et al.  Capturing and Creating Public Opinion in Survey Research , 1993 .

[4]  F. Kardes,et al.  Spontaneous Inference Processes in Advertising: The Effects of Conclusion Omission and Involvement on Persuasion , 1988 .

[5]  S. Sherman On the self-erasing nature of errors of prediction. , 1980 .

[6]  L. Ross,et al.  The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology , 1991 .

[7]  Y. Schul,et al.  Measuring satisfaction with organizations. Predictions from information accessibility. , 1993, Public opinion quarterly.

[8]  R. Tourangeau,et al.  Cognitive Processes Underlying Context Effects in Attitude Measurement , 1988 .

[9]  G. Fitzsimons,et al.  Asking questions can change choice behavior: does it do so automatically or effortfully? , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Applied.

[10]  G. Kalyanaram,et al.  Brand Retrieval, Consideration Set Composition, Consumer Choice, and the Pioneering Advantage , 1993 .

[11]  Anthony G. Greenwald,et al.  Social Influence by Requesting Self-Prophecy , 1999 .

[12]  Jack M. Feldman,et al.  Self-generated validity and other effects of measurement on belief, attitude, intention, and behavior. , 1988 .

[13]  C. Fornell A National Customer Satisfaction Barometer: The Swedish Experience: , 1992 .

[14]  R. Shiffrin,et al.  A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. , 1984, Psychological review.

[15]  E. Maris Covariance adjustment versus gain scores—revisited. , 1998 .

[16]  P. Allison Survival analysis using the SAS system : a practical guide , 1995 .

[17]  John C. Haughey The Loyalty Effect , 1997, Business Ethics Quarterly.

[18]  R. Hastie Causes and effects of causal attribution , 1984 .

[19]  B. Weiner "Spontaneous" causal thinking. , 1985, Psychological bulletin.

[20]  Vicki G. Morwitz,et al.  Does Measuring Intent Change Behavior , 1993 .

[21]  Stanley Presser,et al.  Public Opinion and Public Ignorance: The Fine Line Between Attitudes and Nonattitudes , 1980, American Journal of Sociology.

[22]  R. Bagozzi,et al.  Goal Setting and Goal Striving in Consumer Behavior , 1999 .

[23]  Vicki G. Morwitz,et al.  The Effect of Measuring Intent on Brand-Level Purchase Behavior , 1996 .

[24]  W. Reinartz,et al.  On the Profitability of Long-Life Customers in a Noncontractual Setting: An Empirical Investigation and Implications for Marketing , 2000 .

[25]  G. Fitzsimons,et al.  Nonconscious and Contaminative Effects of Hypothetical Questions on Subsequent Decision Making , 2001 .

[26]  J. Sheth,et al.  Relationship marketing in consumer markets: Antecedents and consequences , 1995 .

[27]  M. N. Segal,et al.  A Comparative Analysis of Ethical Perceptions in Marketing Research: U.S.A. vs. Canada , 2000 .

[28]  Chezy Ofir,et al.  In Search of Negative Customer Feedback: The Effect of Expecting to Evaluate on Satisfaction Evaluations , 2001 .