Limb kinematics during locomotion in the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus, Xenarthra) and its implications for the evolution of the sloth locomotor apparatus.
暂无分享,去创建一个
Alexander Petrovitch | Martin S Fischer | John A Nyakatura | J. A. Nyakatura | M. Fischer | A. Petrovitch | J. Nyakatura
[1] E. Hirasaki,et al. Gaits of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) on a horizontal ladder and arboreal stability. , 2009, American journal of physical anthropology.
[2] S. Pääbo,et al. Nuclear Gene Sequences from a Late Pleistocene Sloth Coprolite , 2003, Current Biology.
[3] D. Bramble,et al. Functional vertebrate morphology , 1985 .
[4] J. Vilensky,et al. Squirrel monkey locomotion on an inclined treadmill: Implications for the evolution of gaits , 1994 .
[5] R. Hackert,et al. Steady locomotion in dogs: temporal and associated spatial coordination patterns and the effect of speed , 2008, Journal of Experimental Biology.
[6] R. Stein,et al. Identification, Localization, and Modulation of Neural Networks for Walking in the Mudpuppy (Necturus Maculatus) Spinal Cord , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.
[7] D. Carrier,et al. Locomotor function of forelimb protractor and retractor muscles of dogs: evidence of strut-like behavior at the shoulder , 2008, Journal of Experimental Biology.
[8] M. Illert,et al. Kinematic Analysis of the Cat Shoulder Girdle during Treadmill Locomotion: an X‐ray Study , 1996, The European journal of neuroscience.
[9] E. Simons,et al. Phylogenetic and functional affinities of Babakotia (primates), a fossil lemur from northern Madagascar. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[10] R. Blickhan,et al. The tri-segmented limbs of therian mammals: kinematics, dynamics, and self-stabilization--a review. , 2006, Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Comparative experimental biology.
[11] Carsten Niemitz,et al. Gravity, posture and locomotion in primates , 1990 .
[12] Theodore M Cole,et al. Technical note: out-of-plane angular correction based on a trigonometric function for use in two-dimensional kinematic studies. , 2006, American journal of physical anthropology.
[13] L. M. Day,et al. Interspecific scaling of the morphology and posture of the limbs during the locomotion of cats (Felidae) , 2007, Journal of Experimental Biology.
[14] Holger Preuschoft,et al. What does "arboreal locomotion" mean exactly and what are the relationships between "climbing", environment and morphology? , 2002, Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Anthropologie.
[15] M. S. Fischer,et al. APPLICATION OF CINERADIOGRAPHY FOR THE METRIC AND KINEMATIC STUDY OF IN-PHASE GAITS DURING LOCOMOTION OF THE PIKA (OCHOTONA RUFESCENS, MAMMALIA : LAGO MORPHA) , 1998 .
[16] Hui Zhong,et al. Kinematic and EMG determinants in quadrupedal locomotion of a non-human primate (Rhesus). , 2005, Journal of neurophysiology.
[17] Manuela Schmidt,et al. Forelimb proportions and kinematics: how are small primates different from other small mammals? , 2005, Journal of Experimental Biology.
[18] M. Hildebrand. Analysis of Asymmetrical Gaits , 1977 .
[19] L. Werdelin,et al. A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history , 2007 .
[20] M. Fischer,et al. Kinematic analysis of treadmill locomotion of Tree shrews, Tupaia glis (Scandentia: Tupaiidae) , 1999 .
[21] Reinhard Blickhan,et al. Stable operation of an elastic three-segment leg , 2001, Biological Cybernetics.
[22] A. R. Lammers,et al. Mechanics of torque generation during quadrupedal arboreal locomotion. , 2008, Journal of biomechanics.
[23] F. Mendel,et al. The hand of two ‐toed sloths (Choloepus): Its anatomy and potential uses relative to size of support , 1981, Journal of morphology.
[24] N. Stevens,et al. Stability, limb coordination and substrate type: the ecorelevance of gait sequence pattern in primates. , 2006, Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Comparative experimental biology.
[25] B. Demes,et al. Symmetrical gaits of Cebus apella: implications for the functional significance of diagonal sequence gait in primates. , 2008, Journal of human evolution.
[26] F. Mendel,et al. Foot of two‐toed sloths: Its anatomy and potential uses relative to size of support , 1981, Journal of morphology.
[27] Daniel Schmitt,et al. Understanding the adaptive value of diagonal-sequence gaits in primates: a comment on Shapiro and Raichlen, 2005. , 2007, American journal of physical anthropology.
[28] S. Miller,et al. Movements of the forelimbs of the cat during stepping on a treadmill , 1975, Brain Research.
[29] F. Multon,et al. Primate locomotion : linking field and laboratory research , 2011 .
[30] Alan M. Wilson,et al. Gait characterisation and classification in horses , 2007, Journal of Experimental Biology.
[31] Martin S. Fischer,et al. Mechanical self-stabilization, a working hypothesis for the study of the evolution of body proportions in terrestrial mammals? , 2006 .
[32] J. Iles,et al. Hindlimb muscle activity during locomotion in the rat (Rattus norvegicus) (Rodentia: Muridae) , 2009 .
[33] M. Goffart. Function and form in the sloth , 1971 .
[34] D. Carrier,et al. Locomotor function of the pectoral girdle `muscular sling' in trotting dogs , 2006, Journal of Experimental Biology.
[35] M. Fischer,et al. Evolution of chameleon locomotion, or how to become arboreal as a reptile. , 2010, Zoology.
[36] M. Superina. The Biology of the Xenarthra , 2006 .
[37] S. Renous,et al. Limb joints kinematics and their relation to increasing speed in the guinea pig Cavia porcellus (Mammalia: Rodentia) , 2005 .
[38] C. Pennycuick. On the running of the gnu (Connochaetes taurinus) and other animals , 1975 .
[39] P. Lemelin,et al. Origins of primate locomotion: gait mechanics of the woolly opossum. , 2002, American journal of physical anthropology.
[40] S. Larson,et al. Humeral retractor EMG during quadrupedal walking in primates , 2007, Journal of Experimental Biology.
[41] F. Mendel,et al. The wrist joint of two‐toed sloths and its relevance to brachiating adaptations in the hominoidea , 1979, Journal of morphology.
[42] S. Pääbo,et al. A molecular phylogeny of two extinct sloths. , 2001, Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.
[43] F. Mendel,et al. Use of Hands and Feet of Two-Toed Sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni) during Climbing and Terrestrial Locomotion , 1981 .
[44] A response to Cartmill et al.: Primate gaits and arboreal stability , 2007 .
[45] J. Vilensky. Gait characteristics of two macaques, with emphasis on relationships with speed. , 1983, American journal of physical anthropology.
[46] J. Manter. The Dynamics Of Quadrupedal Walking , 1938 .
[47] Ruth A. Miller. Functional Adaptations in the Forelimb of the Sloths , 1935 .
[48] Daniel Schmitt,et al. Compliant walking in primates , 1999 .
[49] J. Young,et al. Body mass distribution and gait mechanics in fat-tailed dwarf lemurs (Cheirogaleus medius) and patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas). , 2007, Journal of human evolution.
[50] M. Fischer,et al. Basic limb kinematics of small therian mammals. , 2002, The Journal of experimental biology.
[51] G. E. Goslow,et al. Electrical activity and relative length changes of dog limb muscles as a function of speed and gait. , 1981, The Journal of experimental biology.
[52] E. Simons,et al. Phalangeal curvature and positional behavior in extinct sloth lemurs (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae). , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[53] G. E. Goslow,et al. The cat step cycle: Hind limb joint angles and muscle lengths during unrestrained locomotion , 1973, Journal of morphology.
[54] Manuela Schmidt,et al. Scapula Movements and Their Contribution to Three-Dimensional Forelimb Excursions in Quadrupedal Primates , 2011 .
[55] N. Schilling,et al. Function of the extrinsic hindlimb muscles in trotting dogs , 2009, Journal of Experimental Biology.
[56] M. Fischer,et al. Gait parameter adjustments of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus, Callitrichidae) to locomotion on inclined arboreal substrates. , 2008, American journal of physical anthropology.
[57] F. Mendel,et al. Use of Hands and Feet of Three-Toed Sloths (Bradypus variegatus) during Climbing and Terrestrial Locomotion , 1985 .
[58] Mamoru Tomita,et al. A Study on the Movement Pattern of Four Limbs in Walking [1] , 1967 .
[59] Eadweard Muybridge,et al. Animals in Motion , 1957 .
[60] T. Gaudin. Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence , 2004 .
[61] J. Hutchinson,et al. The locomotor kinematics of Asian and African elephants: changes with speed and size , 2006, Journal of Experimental Biology.
[62] Farish A. Jenkins,et al. Hip structure and locomotion in ambulatory and cursorial carnivores , 2009 .
[63] W. Weijs,et al. The functional anatomy of the shoulder in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) , 2009 .
[64] J. Denoix,et al. Correlation between Surface Electromyography and Kinematics of the Hindlimb of Horses at Trot on a Treadmill , 1999, Cells Tissues Organs.
[65] S. Larson,et al. Shoulder motion during quadrupedal walking in Cercopithecus aethiops: Integration of cineradiographic and electromyographic data , 1994 .
[66] G. E. Goslow,et al. The functional anatomy of the shoulder of the savannah monitor lizard (Varanus exanthematicus) , 1983, Journal of morphology.
[67] Alexander N. Kuznetsov,et al. Energetical profit of the third segment in parasagittal legs , 1995 .
[68] J. Vilensky,et al. PRIMATE LOCOMOTION: Utilization and Control of Symmetrical Gaits , 1989 .
[69] M. Fischer,et al. Morphological Integration in Mammalian Limb Proportions: Dissociation between Function and Development , 2009, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.
[70] W. J. Loughry,et al. The biology of the Xenarthra , 2008 .
[71] P. A. Pridmore. Locomotion in Dromiciops-Australis (Marsupialia, Microbiotheriidae) , 1994 .
[72] G E Goslow,et al. The cat step cycle: Electromyographic patterns for hindlimb muscles during posture and unrestrained locomotion , 1978, Journal of morphology.
[73] G. Montgomery,et al. Edentates. (Book Reviews: The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas) , 1985 .
[74] S. W. Britton,et al. Form and Function in the Sloth , 1941, The Quarterly Review of Biology.
[75] S. Pääbo,et al. Molecular phylogeny of the extinct ground sloth Mylodon darwinii. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[76] S. Renous,et al. Comparison of the fore and hind limbs kinematics in the symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits of a caviomorph rodent, the domestic guinea pig, Cavia porcellus (Linné, 1758) (Rodentia, Caviidae) , 1996 .
[77] W. Beebe. The three-toed sloth Bradypus cuculliger cuculliger Wagler , 1926 .
[78] M. Hildebrand. Symmetrical gaits of primates , 1967 .
[79] M. Stanhope,et al. The evolution of armadillos, anteaters and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua , 2001, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.
[80] Jean-Pierre Gasc,et al. Asymmetrical gait of the Saharian rodent Meriones shawi shawi (Duvernoy, 1842) (Rodentia, Mammalia): a high-speed cineradiographic analysis , 1993 .
[81] Jennifer L. White. Indicators of locomotor habits in xenarthrans: Evidence for locomotor heterogeneity among fossil sloths , 1993 .
[82] N. Heglund,et al. Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait? , 1988, The Journal of experimental biology.
[83] Sabine Renous,et al. Symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits in the mouse: patterns to increase velocity , 2004, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.
[84] G. B. Wislocki. Observations on the gross and microscopic anatomy of the sloths (Bradypus griseus griseus Gray and Choloepus hoffmanni Peters) , 1928 .
[85] M. Fischer. Crouched posture and high fulcrum, a principle in the locomotion of small mammals: The example of the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) (Mammalia: Hyracoidea) , 1994 .
[86] M. Cartmill,et al. Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals , 2002 .