Psychosomatic Disease and the "Visceral Brain": Recent Developments Bearing on the Papez Theory of Emotion

IN most of those diseases where emotional states are thought to be etiologically related to focal or systemic lesions, it is generally assumed that the pathologic process is mediated by the autonomic nervous system and the humoral mechanisms under its control. There is considerable experimental and clinical evidence to support such an assumption. But little information has accumulated to indicate by what mechanism the emotions can so act on autonomic centers as to lead to diseases as diverse as essential hypertension, peptic ulcer, asthma, etc.

[1]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[2]  J. Jackson,et al.  EPILEPTIC ATTACKS WITH A WARNING OF A CRUDE SENSATION OF SMELL AND WITH THE INTELLECTUAL AURA (DREAMY STATE) IN A PATIENT WHO HAD SYMPTOMS POINTING TO GROSS ORGANIC DISEASE OF THE RIGHT TEMPORO-SPHENOIDAL LOBE , 1899 .

[3]  L. Edinger.  The Anatomy of the Central Nervous System of Man, and of Vertebrates in General , 1900, Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Journal (1883).

[4]  C. J. Herrick.  A sketch of the origin of the cerebral hemispheres , 1921 .

[5]  J. Johnston.  Further contributions to the study of the evolution of the forebrain , 1923 .

[6]  ELECTRICAL STUDIES IN MAMMALIAN REFLEXES: III. Immediate Changes in the Flexion Reflex after Spinal Transection , 1923 .

[7]  F. T. Lewis.  The significance of the term Hippocampus , 1923 .

[8]  STUDIES ON THE CONDITIONS OF ACTIVITY IN ENDOCRINE GLANDS: XV. Pseudaffective Medulliadrenal Secretion , 1925 .

[9]  H. B. V. D. Sprenkel,et al.  Stria terminalis and amygdala in the brain of the opossum (didelphis virginiana) , 1926 .

[10]  P. Bard,et al.  A diencephalic mechanism for the expression of rage with special reference to the sympathetic nervous system. , 1928 .

[11]  C J Herrick,et al.  The Functions of the Olfactory Parts of the Cerebral Cortex. , 1933, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[12]  W. McCulloch,et al.  THE DIRECT FUNCTIONAL INTERRELATION OF SENSORY CORTEX AND OPTIC THALAMUS , 1938 .

[13]  Hostility in Cases of Essential Hypertension , 1939 .

[14]  H. R. Miller,et al.  FOREBRAIN AND RAGE REACTIONS , 1940 .

[15]  W. Sweet,et al.  EFFECTS ON RESPIRATION, BLOOD PRESSURE AND GASTRIC MOTILITY OF STIMULATION OF ORBITAL SURFACE OF FRONTAL LOBE , 1940 .

[16]  H. Jasper,et al.  ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE EPILEPSIES , 1941 .

[17]  E. Crosby,et al.  Studies of the vertebrate telencephalon. II. The nuclear pattern of the anterior olfactory nucleus, tuberculum olfactorium and the amygdaloid complex in adult man , 1941 .

[18]  C. Fox.  The stria terminalis, longitudinal association bundle and precommissural fornix fibers in the cat , 1943 .

[19]  FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE MEDIAL ASPECT OF THE PRIMATE CORTEX , 1944 .

[20]  W. McCulloch.  THE FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX , 1944 .

[21]  L. Cohen.  Borderlands of Psychiatry , 1943, Nature.

[22]  C. Fox,et al.  AN OSCILLOGRAPHIC STUDY OF OLFACTORY SYSTEM OF CATS , 1944 .

[23]  W. F. Allen.  Degeneration in the dog's mammillary body and Ammon's horn following transection of the fornix , 1944 .

[24]  T. C. Erickson.  EROTOMANIA (NYMPHOMANIA) AS AN EXPRESSION OF CORTICAL EPILEPTIFORM DISCHARGE , 1945 .

[25]  Wilbur K. Smith.  THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ROSTRAL CINGULAR CORTEX AS REVEALED BY ITS RESPONSES TO ELECTRICAL EXCITATION , 1945 .

[26]  Psychogenic factors in bronchial asthma. , 1946, Canadian Medical Association journal.

[27]  P. Yakovlev.  Motility, behavior, and the brain. , 1946, Abstracts and translations from the science library. Institute of Living.

[28]  The relation of the deep opercular cortex to taste. , 1946, Federation proceedings.

[29]  W. Pitts,et al.  How we know universals; the perception of auditory and visual forms. , 1947, The Bulletin of mathematical biophysics.

[30]  W. E. Clark,et al.  The terminal connexions of the olfactory tract in the rabbit. , 1947, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[31]  F. Mettler.  Extracortical connections of the primate frontal cerebral cortex II. CORTICIFUGAL CONNECTIONS , 1947 .

[32]  T. Mclardy,et al.  Prefrontal leucotomy; a neuro-anatomical report. , 1947, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[33]  W. McCulloch,et al.  The projection of the frontal lobe on the hypothalamus. , 1947, Journal of neurophysiology.

[34]  V. Mountcastle,et al.  Some forebrain mechanisms involved in expression of rage with special reference to suppression of angry behavior. , 1948, Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease.

[35]  F. Gibbs,et al.  Psychomotor epilepsy. , 1948, Archives of neurology and psychiatry.

[36]  Livingston Rb,et al.  Stimulation and regional ablation of orbital surface of frontal lobe. , 1948, Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease.

[37]  A. Ward.  The cingular gyrus, area 24. , 1948, Journal of neurophysiology.

[38]  Some connections of the frontal lobe established by physiological neuronography. , 1948, Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease.

[39]  J. Ruesch,et al.  The Infantile Personality: The Core Problem of Psychosomatic Medicine , 1948, Psychosomatic medicine.

[40]  Some effects of stimulation of the orbital surface of the frontal lobe in the dog and monkey. , 1948, Federation proceedings.

[41]  R. Livingston,et al.  Stimulation of orbital surface of man prior to frontal lobotomy. , 1948, Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease.

[42]  F. H. Adler.  Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. , 1949 .