A novel Volt-VAR Optimization engine for smart distribution networks utilizing Vehicle to Grid dispatch

Abstract In recent years, Smart Grid technologies such as Advanced Metering, Pervasive Control, Automation and Distribution Management have created numerous control and optimization opportunities and challenges for smart distribution networks. Availability of Co-Gen loads and/or Electric Vehicles (EVs) enable these technologies to inject reactive power into the grid by changing their inverter’s operating mode without considerable impact on their active power operation. This feature has created considerable opportunity for distribution network planners to explore if EVs could be used in the distribution network as reliable VAR suppliers. It may be possible for network operators to employ some EVs as VAR suppliers for future distribution grids. This paper proposes an innovative Smart Grid-based Volt-VAR Optimization (VVO) engine, capable of minimizing system power loss cost as well as the operating cost of switched Capacitor Banks, while optimizing the system voltage using an improved Genetic Algorithm (GA) with two levels of mutation and two levels of crossover. The paper studies the impact of EVs with different charging and penetration levels on VVO in different operating scenarios. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates how a typical VVO engine could benefit from V2G’s reactive power support. In order to assess V2G impacts on VVO and test the applicability of the proposed VVO, revised IEEE-123 Node Test Feeder in presence of various load types is used as case study.

[1]  T. L. Wilson,et al.  Measurement and verification of distribution voltage optimization results for the IEEE power & energy society , 2010, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[2]  F. Silvestro,et al.  Evaluation of requirements for Volt/Var control and optimization function in distribution management systems , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Energy Conference and Exhibition (ENERGYCON).

[3]  S. Sirisumrannukul,et al.  Optimal daily coordination of volt/VAr control devices in distribution systems with distributed generators , 2010, 45th International Universities Power Engineering Conference UPEC2010.

[4]  Mehdi Ferdowsi,et al.  Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: Charging load profile extraction based on transportation data , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[5]  Valentina Dabic,et al.  BC Hydro's experience on Voltage VAR Optimization in distribution system , 2010, IEEE PES T&D 2010.

[6]  Nilay Shah,et al.  Effects of optimised plug-in hybrid vehicle charging strategies on electric distribution network losses , 2010, IEEE PES T&D 2010.

[7]  Saeed Lotfifard,et al.  Vehicle to Grid Services: Potential and Applications , 2012 .

[8]  B. Ozpineci,et al.  EV/PHEV Bidirectional Charger Assessment for V2G Reactive Power Operation , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[9]  Robert C. Green,et al.  The impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on distribution networks: a review and outlook , 2010, PES 2010.

[10]  I.N. da Silva,et al.  Real-Time Voltage Regulation in Power Distribution System Using Fuzzy Control , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[11]  K. P. Schneider,et al.  Volt-VAR optimization on American Electric Power feeders in Northeast Columbus , 2012, PES T&D 2012.

[12]  Mehrdad Moallem,et al.  Real-Time Adaptive VVO/CVR Topology Using Multi-Agent System and IEC 61850-Based Communication Protocol , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[13]  Alfredo Vaccaro,et al.  A Decentralized and Cooperative Architecture for Optimal Voltage Regulation in Smart Grids , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[14]  Jingjing Yang,et al.  Hierarchical MAS Based Control Strategy for Microgrid , 2010 .

[15]  Claire Weiller,et al.  Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle impacts on hourly electricity demand in the United States , 2011 .

[16]  M. E. Baran,et al.  Optimal volt/var control strategy for distribution system with multiple voltage regulating devices , 2012, PES T&D 2012.

[17]  Xavier Guillaud,et al.  Real-time simulation of multi-agent system for decentralized voltage regulation in distribution network , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[18]  B. Milosevic,et al.  Substation day-ahead automated Volt/VAR optimization scheme , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[19]  Leon M. Tolbert,et al.  Single-phase inverter design for V2G reactive power compensation , 2011, 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).

[20]  S. Sirisumrannukul,et al.  Volt/VAr control in distribution systems by fuzzy multiobjective and particle swarm , 2009, 2009 6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology.

[21]  R. HoracioDíaz,et al.  FEEDER RECONFIGURATION AND CAPACITOR PLACEMENT IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: AN APPROACH FOR SIMULTANEOUS SOLUTION USING A GENETIC ALGORITHM , 2010 .

[22]  J. Bebic,et al.  Distribution System Voltage Performance Analysis for High-Penetration Photovoltaics , 2008 .

[23]  Siamak Arzanpour,et al.  Quasi real-time ZIP load modeling for Conservation Voltage Reduction of smart distribution networks using disaggregated AMI data , 2015 .

[24]  R. Uluski.  Using standards to integrate distributed energy resources with distribution management systems , 2013 .

[25]  D. Gan,et al.  Distributed generation on distribution system voltage regulation: An optimization-based approach , 2010, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[26]  Mohsen Gitizadeh,et al.  Fuzzy logic in real time voltage/reactive power control in FARS regional electric network , 2006 .

[27]  Alireza Khaligh,et al.  Impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging on a distribution network in a Smart Grid environment , 2012, 2012 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT).

[28]  Vladimir C. Strezoski,et al.  Real-time voltage control integrated in DMS , 2009 .

[29]  Tony Hearne,et al.  Volt/Var control for distributed generation , 2011, 2011 2nd IEEE PES International Conference and Exhibition on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies.

[30]  Hassan Farhangi,et al.  Communication technologies for BCIT Smart Microgrid , 2012, 2012 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT).

[31]  D. Asber,et al.  Measuring the efficiency of voltage reduction at Hydro-Québec distribution , 2008, 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century.

[32]  I. Roytelman,et al.  Real-time Distribution System Analysis - integral part of DMS , 2009, 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition.

[33]  B. A. Souza,et al.  Multiobjective Optimization and Fuzzy Logic Applied to Planning of the Volt/Var Problem in Distributions Systems , 2010 .

[34]  H. Farhangi,et al.  The path of the smart grid , 2010, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[35]  Philip T. Krein,et al.  Gaining vehicle-to-grid benefits with unidirectional electric and plug-in hybrid vehicle chargers , 2011, 2011 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[36]  Johan Driesen,et al.  Coordinated charging of multiple plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in residential distribution grids , 2009, 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition.

[37]  Michael J. Krok,et al.  A coordinated optimization approach to Volt/VAr control for large power distribution networks , 2011, Proceedings of the 2011 American Control Conference.

[38]  Lawrence J. Borle.  Zero average current error control methods for bidirectional AC-DC converters. , 1999 .

[39]  Leon M. Tolbert,et al.  Effects of V2G reactive power compensation on the component selection in an EV or PHEV bidirectional charger , 2010, 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[40]  R. W. Uluski.  VVC in the Smart Grid era , 2010, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[41]  Leon M. Tolbert,et al.  Reactive power operation analysis of a single-phase EV/PHEV bidirectional battery charger , 2011, 8th International Conference on Power Electronics - ECCE Asia.

[42]  Leon M. Tolbert,et al.  Examination of a PHEV bidirectional charger system for V2G reactive power compensation , 2010, 2010 Twenty-Fifth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).

[43]  Seung-Il Moon,et al.  Volt/var optimization of the korean smart distribution management system , 2013 .

[44]  Kevin Schneider,et al.  Effects of distributed energy resources on conservation voltage reduction (CVR) , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[45]  Yajing Gao,et al.  Simulation of electric vehicle charging station and harmonic treatment , 2012, 2012 International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI2012).

[46]  Wei Ren,et al.  An integrated approach for controlling and optimizing the operation of a power distribution system , 2010, 2010 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe).

[47]  Xavier Guillaud,et al.  Multi-agent system for distributed voltage regulation of wind generators connected to distribution network , 2010, 2010 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe).

[48]  Shuang Gao,et al.  Loss analysis of vehicle-to-grid operation , 2010, 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[49]  N. Markushevich,et al.  New aspects of IVVO in Active Distribution Networks , 2012, PES T&D 2012.

[50]  Saifur Rahman,et al.  Impact of TOU rates on distribution load shapes in a smart grid with PHEV penetration , 2010, IEEE PES T&D 2010.

[51]  Nokhum Markushevich.  The benefits and challenges of the Integrated Volt/Var Optimization in the smart grid environment , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[52]  Djordje Atanackovic,et al.  Deployment of real-time state estimator and load flow in BC Hydro DMS - challenges and opportunities , 2013, 2013 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[53]  Andrija T. Saric,et al.  A robust algorithm for Volt/Var control , 2009, 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition.

[54]  E. Tom Jauch.  Volt/var management? An essential “SMART” function , 2009, 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition.

[55]  W. Jewell,et al.  Optimal capacitor placement and sizes for power loss reduction using combined power loss index-loss sensitivity factor and genetic algorithm , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[56]  Kevin P. Schneider,et al.  A Method for Evaluating Volt-VAR Optimization Field Demonstrations , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[57]  Deepak Divan,et al.  Power Electronics at the Grid Edge : The key to unlocking value from the smart grid , 2014, IEEE Power Electronics Magazine.