Introduction Part B. Ultra-efficient Solid-State Lighting: Likely Characteristics, Economic Benefits, Technological Approaches

Technologies for artificial lighting, as illustrated on the left side of Fig. 2.1, have made tremendous progress over the centuries: from fire, with an efficiency of about a tenth of a percent; to incandescent lamps, with an efficiency of about 4 %; to gas discharge lamps, with an efficiency of about 20 %; and soon to solid-state lighting (SSL), with efficiencies that in principle could approach 100 %.

[1]  Paul Waide,et al.  The World's Appetite for Light: Empirical Data and Trends Spanning Three Centuries and Six Continents , 2010 .

[2]  Roland Haitz,et al.  Solid‐state lighting: ‘The case’ 10 years after and future prospects , 2011 .

[3]  Jeffrey Y. Tsao,et al.  Comparison between blue lasers and light‐emitting diodes for future solid‐state lighting , 2013 .

[4]  L. E. Vrenken,et al.  A New Generation of “Deluxe” Fluorescent Lamps, Combining an Efficacy of 80 Lumens/W or More with a Color Rendering Index of Approximately 85 , 1974 .

[5]  Galen Barbose.  Tracking the Sun III; The Installed Cost of Photovoltaics in the United States from 1998-2009 , 2011 .

[6]  M. Osinski,et al.  Thermal resistance of top-surface-emitting vertical-cavity semiconductor lasers and monolithic two-dimensional arrays , 1992 .

[7]  Roland Haitz,et al.  Solid-State Lighting: Why it will succeed and why it won't be overtaken. , 2011 .

[8]  Yoshihiro Ohno.  Spectral Design Considerations for Color Rendering of White LED Light Sources , 2005 .

[9]  H. J. Unold,et al.  High-power VCSELs: single devices and densely packed 2-D-arrays , 1999 .

[10]  J.Y. Tsao,et al.  Solid-state lighting: lamps, chips and materials for tomorrow , 2005, (CLEO). Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2005..

[11]  M. Craford,et al.  Status and Future of High-Power Light-Emitting Diodes for Solid-State Lighting , 2007, Journal of Display Technology.

[12]  J. Piprek.  Efficiency droop in nitride‐based light‐emitting diodes , 2010 .

[13]  Yoshihiro Ohno,et al.  Spectral design considerations for white LED color rendering , 2005 .

[14]  W. Nordhaus.  Do Real Output and Real Wage Measures Capture Reality? The History of Lighting Suggests Not , 1996 .

[15]  Jong Kyu Kim,et al.  Solid-State Light Sources Getting Smart , 2005, Science.

[16]  Michael E. Coltrin,et al.  Solid-state lighting: an energy-economics perspective , 2010 .

[17]  A. David,et al.  Droop in InGaN light-emitting diodes: A differential carrier lifetime analysis , 2010 .

[18]  Arpad Bergh,et al.  The Promise and Challenge of Solid-State Lighting , 2001 .

[19]  Timothy F. Bresnahan,et al.  The Economics of New Goods , 1997 .

[20]  Friedrich G. Bachmann,et al.  High-power diode laser technology and applications , 2000, Advanced High-Power Lasers and Applications.

[21]  N. Darghouth,et al.  Tracking the Sun II: The Installed Cost of Photovoltaics in the U.S. from 1998-2008 , 2010 .

[22]  Jonathan J. Wierer,et al.  Four-color laser white illuminant demonstrating high color-rendering quality. , 2011, Optics express.

[23]  M.H. Crawford,et al.  LEDs for Solid-State Lighting: Performance Challenges and Recent Advances , 2009, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[24]  J. Henderson,et al.  Measuring Economic Growth from Outer Space , 2009, The American economic review.

[25]  Jerry A. Simmons,et al.  Solid-State Lighting: An Integrated Human Factors, Technology, and Economic Perspective , 2010, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[26]  R. Beach,et al.  Inertial Fusion Energy's Role in Developing the Market for High Power Laser Diodes , 2007 .

[27]  Matthew Peters,et al.  High-power high-efficiency laser diodes at JDSU , 2007, SPIE LASE.

[28]  Lauren E. S. Rohwer,et al.  Research challenges to ultra‐efficient inorganic solid‐state lighting , 2007 .

[29]  Po-Chieh Hung,et al.  Maximum White Luminous Efficacy of Radiation Versus Color Rendering Index and Color Temperature: Exact Results and a Useful Analytic Expression , 2013, Journal of Display Technology.