2D full-field measurement of oxygen concentration based on the phase fluorometry technique that uses the four-frame integrating-bucket method

Abstract A modulation system for the phase-resolved two-dimensional fluorescence phase imaging of a planar optical oxygen sensor is presented. The proposed system is based on the phase fluorometry technique and uses the four-frame integrating-bucket method. Integrating buckets with multiple frames are achieved using a complex programmable logic device to provide an external trigger to the charge coupled device (CCD). The oxygen-sensitive film is based on microporous film prepared using a sol–gel process with a Pt(II) complex, platinum tetrakis pentafluorophenyl porphine (PtTFPP); the film can be efficiently excited by a laser diode with a central wavelength of 405 nm. The experiment results show that the maximum phase difference between 0% and 100% gaseous oxygen is 22°. The 2D full-filed O 2 distribution imaging was found to be the most sensitive between 0% and 20% O 2 . The combination of optical sensor technology and phase-resolved imaging allows the determination of the distribution of chemical or physical parameters in heterogeneous systems, making the proposed system a powerful testing tool for screening and mapping applications.

[1]  Sonja Draxler,et al.  Luminescence decay-time-based optical sensors: principles and problems , 1993 .

[2]  O. Wolfbeis,et al.  Luminescence Lifetime Imaging of Oxygen, pH, and Carbon Dioxide Distribution Using Optical Sensors , 2000 .

[3]  Sergei A. Vinogradov,et al.  Frequency domain instrument for measuring phosphorescence lifetime distributions in heterogeneous samples , 2001 .

[5]  J. Bell,et al.  Surface Pressure Measurements Using Luminescent Coatings , 2003 .

[6]  E. Selander,et al.  A pH plate fluorosensor (optode) for early diagenetic studies of marine sediments , 2002 .

[7]  R. Cubeddu,et al.  Time-resolved fluorescence imaging in biology and medicine , 2002 .

[8]  Y. Lo,et al.  A Highly Phase-Sensitive Heterodyne Polariscope for the Full-Field Measurement of Twisted- Nematic Liquid Crystal , 2008, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[9]  Chris P. Brophy,et al.  Effect of intensity error correlation on the computed phase of phase-shifting interferometry , 1990 .

[10]  J. Lakowicz.  Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy , 1983 .

[11]  Ingo Klimant,et al.  Determination of oxygen gradients in engineered tissue using a fluorescent sensor. , 2002, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[12]  X. Xie,et al.  Near-field fluorescence microscopy based on two-photon excitation with metal tips , 1999 .

[13]  Yu-Lung Lo,et al.  High-performance fiber-optic oxygen sensors based on fluorinated xerogels doped with Pt(II) complexes , 2007 .

[14]  P. Prasad,et al.  Two-photon fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy of nanostructured organic materials using a photon scanning tunneling microscope , 2000 .

[15]  Markus Huettel,et al.  Oxygen dynamics in permeable sediments with wave‐driven pore water exchange , 2004 .

[16]  D. V. Vanden Bout,et al.  Fluorescence lifetime imaging with near-field scanning optical microscopy. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[17]  Lukas Novotny,et al.  Room-Temperature Fluorescence Imaging and Spectroscopy of Single Molecules by Two-Photon Excitation , 1997 .

[18]  A. Dubois,et al.  Phase-map measurements by interferometry with sinusoidal phase modulation and four integrating buckets. , 2001, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[19]  Yu-Lung Lo,et al.  Highly sensitive optical fiber oxygen sensor using Pt(II) complex embedded in sol-gel matrices , 2006 .

[20]  Frank V Bright,et al.  Sol-gel-derived sensor materials that yield linear calibration plots, high sensitivity, and long-term stability. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[21]  A C Fisher,et al.  Application of frequency-domain Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy as a quantitative analytical tool for microfluidic devices. , 2006, Optics express.

[22]  Colette McDonagh,et al.  Phase fluorometric dissolved oxygen sensor , 2001 .

[23]  Michael D. Mason,et al.  Ultra-high resolution imaging by fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy. , 2006, Biophysical journal.

[24]  O. Sasaki,et al.  Sinusoidal phase modulating interferometer using the integrating-bucket method. , 1987, Applied optics.

[25]  E. Gratton,et al.  Fluorescence lifetime imaging for the two-photon microscope: time-domain and frequency-domain methods. , 2003, Journal of biomedical optics.

[26]  Christian Klein,et al.  Pressure sensitive paint systems for pressure distribution measurements in wind tunnels and turbomachines , 2000 .

[27]  Y. Lo,et al.  Full-field heterodyne polariscope with an image signal processing method for principal axis and phase retardation measurements. , 2006, Applied optics.

[28]  Ingo Klimant,et al.  Method for lifetime-based chemical sensing using the demodulation of the luminescence signal , 2002 .

[29]  J. Siegel,et al.  Application of the stretched exponential function to fluorescence lifetime imaging. , 2001, Biophysical journal.

[30]  Clemens F Kaminski,et al.  Quantitative kinetic analysis in a microfluidic device using frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[31]  Dmitri B. Papkovsky,et al.  Approximation of calibration of phase-fluorimetric oxygen sensors on the basis of physical models , 2001 .