Angle random forwarding (AnRaF) for wireless sensor networks: performances and realization

A novel random forwarding protocol for distributed wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is reported in this paper. The proposed protocol features the utilization of azimuth angle of the nodes involved and opportunistic selection of the relaying node via contention among neighbors. First, the protocol with precise angle information is discussed and its multi-hop performance is evaluated by means of both simulation and analysis in terms of average number of hops to the sink node. Simulation results show that it performs well especially in network connectivity. As a complement, node mobility is also introduced to evaluate multi-hop performance in real environments. Then, a simple MAC scheme to ensure that the node with the highest angular advantage will be selected as a relay is proposed, and subsequently energy and latency performances based on it are evaluated. It is shown that our protocol can effectively deliver data with half number of active neighbors required in geographical random forwarding (GeRaF). Finally, a practical method is presented to estimate azimuth angle, combined with which, our forwarding protocol is shown to achieve the performance very close to the case with precise angle information. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[1]  Scott Shenker,et al.  Geographic routing without location information , 2003, MobiCom '03.

[2]  Aggelos Bletsas,et al.  A simple Cooperative diversity method based on network path selection , 2005, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[3]  Ahmed Helmy,et al.  Modeling and analyzing the correctness of geographic face routing under realistic conditions , 2007, Ad Hoc Networks.

[4]  Elza Erkip,et al.  User cooperation diversity. Part I. System description , 2003, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[5]  L. Kleinrock,et al.  Packet Switching in Radio Channels : Part Il-The Hidden Terminal Problem in Carrier Sense Multiple-Access and the Busy-Tone Solution , 2022 .

[6]  Laura Galluccio,et al.  MACRO: an integrated MAC/routing protocol for geographic forwarding in wireless sensor networks , 2005, Proceedings IEEE 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies..

[7]  Niklas Carlsson,et al.  Non-Euclidian geographic routing in wireless networks , 2007, Ad Hoc Networks.

[8]  Bin Zhao,et al.  Hybrid-ARQ based intra-cluster geographic relaying , 2004, IEEE MILCOM 2004. Military Communications Conference, 2004..

[9]  Michele Zorzi.  A new contention-based MAC protocol for geographic forwarding in ad hoc and sensor networks , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37577).

[10]  Michele Zorzi,et al.  Geographic Random Forwarding (GeRaF) for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Multihop Performance , 2003, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput..

[11]  Matthew C. Valenti,et al.  Practical relay networks: a generalization of hybrid-ARQ , 2005 .

[12]  Di Tian,et al.  Connectivity maintenance and coverage preservation in wireless sensor networks , 2004, Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering 2004 (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37513).

[13]  Fang Dong,et al.  Cooperative structure for wireless sensor networks , 2008, 2008 Third International Conference on Communications and Networking in China.

[14]  Guoliang Xue,et al.  Angle routing protocol: location aided routing for mobile ad-hoc networks using dynamic angle selection , 2002, MILCOM 2002. Proceedings.

[15]  Saurabh Ganeriwal,et al.  Optimizing sensor networks in the energy-density-latency design space , 2002 .

[16]  James Newsome,et al.  GEM: Graph EMbedding for routing and data-centric storage in sensor networks without geographic information , 2003, SenSys '03.

[17]  Michele Zorzi,et al.  Geographic Random Forwarding (GeRaF) for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Energy and Latency Performance , 2003, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput..

[18]  Gregory W. Wornell,et al.  Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[19]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Geographical and Energy Aware Routing: a recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2002 .

[20]  Marwan Al-Akaidi,et al.  New heading directional angle routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks , 2004 .