SN 2005bf: A Possible Transition Event between Type Ib/c Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts

We present ugriBV photometry and optical spectroscopy of the Type Ib/Ic SN 2005bf covering the first �100 days following discovery. The ugBV light curves displayed an unprecedented morphology among Type Ib/Ic supernovae, with an initial maximum some 2 weeks after discovery, and a second, main maximum about 25 days after that. The bolometric light curve indicates that SN 2005bf was a remarkably luminous event, radiating at least 6.3×10 42 erg s −1 at maximum light, and a total of 2.1 × 10 49 erg during the first 75 days after the explosion. Spectroscopically, SN 2005bf underwent a unique transformation

[1]  Wendy L. Freedman,et al.  The Carnegie Supernova Project: The Low‐Redshift Survey , 2005, astro-ph/0512039.

[2]  Thomas Matheson,et al.  The Type Ic Supernova 1994I in M51: Detection of Helium and Spectral Evolution , 1995 .

[3]  D. Depoy,et al.  SN 1994I in M51 and the nature of type Ibc supernovae , 1994 .

[4]  S. Woosley Gamma-ray bursts from stellar mass accretion disks around black holes , 1993 .

[5]  Titus J. Galama,et al.  Supernovae and gamma-Ray Bursters , 2003 .

[6]  M. Hamuy Review on the Observed and Physical Properties of core Collapse Supernovae , 2003, astro-ph/0301006.

[7]  D. York,et al.  The u'g'r'i'z' Standard Star Network , 2002, astro-ph/0201143.

[8]  D. Schlegel,et al.  Maps of Dust IR Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and CMBR Foregrounds , 1997, astro-ph/9710327.

[9]  A. Z. Bonanos,et al.  Deep Photometry of GRB 041006 Afterglow: Hypernova Bump at Redshift z = 0.716* , 2005 .

[10]  S. Woosley,et al.  EVOLUTION AND EXPLOSION OF MASSIVE STARS * , 1978, Reviews of Modern Physics.

[11]  R. Kirshner,et al.  The early spectral phase of type Ib supernovae - Evidence for helium , 1987 .

[12]  D. Kasen,et al.  Direct Analysis of Spectra of Type Ib Supernovae , 1999, astro-ph/0106367.

[13]  S. Woosley,et al.  Presupernova evolution of massive stars. , 1978 .

[14]  J. Thorstensen,et al.  The Peculiar Type Ic Supernova 1997ef: Another Hypernova , 2000 .

[15]  Michael J. Kurtz,et al.  The Updated Zwicky Catalog (UZC) , 1999, astro-ph/9904265.

[16]  Bruno Leibundgut,et al.  From twilight to highlight : the physics of supernovae : proceedings of the ESO/MPA/MPE workshop held at Garching, Germany, 29-31 July 2002 , 2002 .

[17]  E. Schlegel A new subclass of Type II supernovae , 1990 .

[18]  M. Bessell Spectrophotometry: Revised Standards and Techniques , 1999 .

[19]  Optical and Infrared Spectroscopy of SN 1999ee and SN 1999ex , 2002, astro-ph/0203491.

[20]  Ryan Chornock,et al.  Optical Photometry and Spectroscopy of the SN 1998bw–like Type Ic Supernova 2002ap , 2003, astro-ph/0307136.

[21]  David W. Gellatly,et al.  A LOW-DISPERSION SURVEY SPECTROGRAPH (LDSS-2) FOR THE WILLIAM HERSCHEL TELESCOPE , 1994 .

[22]  L. Wang,et al.  Aspherical Explosion Models for SN 1998bw/GRB 980425 , 1998, astro-ph/9808086.

[23]  Masanori Iye,et al.  An Asymmetric Energetic Type Ic Supernova Viewed Off-Axis, and a Link to Gamma Ray Bursts , 2005, Science.

[24]  Filippo Frontera,et al.  Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal 2001, v. 555 Preprint typeset using L ATEX style emulateapj v. 14/09/00 THE METAMORPHOSIS OF SN 1998BW ‡ , 1999 .

[25]  Stephen A. Shectman,et al.  PANIC: a near-infrared camera for the Magellan telescopes , 2004, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[26]  Alexander Heger,et al.  The Progenitor Stars of Gamma-Ray Bursts , 2005, astro-ph/0508175.

[27]  C. Stubbs,et al.  Optical Photometry of the Type Ia Supernova 1999ee and the Type Ib/c Supernova 1999ex in IC 5179 , 2002, astro-ph/0206438.

[28]  S. Woosley,et al.  The Evolution and Explosion of Massive Stars. II. Explosive Hydrodynamics and Nucleosynthesis , 1995 .

[29]  Bruno Leibundgut,et al.  UBVRI Photometry of SN 1993J in M81: The First 120 Days , 1994 .

[30]  Warren R. Brown,et al.  Spectroscopic Discovery of the Supernova 2003dh Associated with GRB 030329 , 2003, astro-ph/0304173.

[31]  Harland W. Epps,et al.  THE KECK LOW-RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTROMETER , 1995 .

[32]  K. Stanek,et al.  The Fate of the Most Massive Stars , 2005 .

[33]  J. Wheeler,et al.  On the Light Curves of Stripped-Envelope Supernovae , 1997 .

[34]  M. C. Begam,et al.  An unusual supernova in the error box of the γ-ray burst of 25 April 1998 , 1998, Nature.

[35]  S. Woosley,et al.  A Comparative Modeling of Supernova 1993J , 1997 .

[36]  A. MacFadyen,et al.  Collapsars: Gamma-Ray Bursts and Explosions in “Failed Supernovae” , 1998, astro-ph/9810274.

[37]  S. Woosley SN 1987A: After the Peak , 1988 .

[38]  S. E. Persson,et al.  A New System of Faint Near-Infrared Standard Stars , 1998 .

[39]  D. Bersier,et al.  Photometry and Spectroscopy of GRB 030329 and Its Associated Supernova 2003dh: The First Two Months , 2003, astro-ph/0307435.

[40]  Kazuhiro Shimasaku,et al.  The ugriz Standard-Star System , 2002 .

[41]  Arlo U. Landolt,et al.  UBVRI Photometric Standard Stars in the Magnitude Range 11 , 1992 .

[42]  P. A. Mazzali,et al.  The Nebular Spectra of the Hypernova SN 1998bw and Evidence for Asymmetry , 2001, astro-ph/0106095.

[43]  Alexei V. Filippenko,et al.  Optical spectra of supernovae , 1997 .

[44]  A. V. Filippenko,et al.  THE IMPORTANCE OF ATMOSPHERIC DIFFERENTIAL REFRACTION IN SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. , 1982 .

[45]  J. P. Huchra,et al.  Final Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant , 1998, astro-ph/9801080.

[46]  L. Ho,et al.  The ``Type IIb'' Supernova 1993J in M81: A Close Relative of Type Ib Supernovae , 1993 .

[47]  Alexei V. Filippenko,et al.  The Lick Observatory Supernova Search with the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope , 2001 .

[48]  D. Schlegel,et al.  Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds , 1998 .

[49]  M. Fukugita,et al.  The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Photometric System , 1996 .

[50]  Bohdan Paczynski,et al.  Small-telescope astronomy on global scales : IAU Colloquium 183, Proceedings of a Colloquium held in Kenting, Taiwan 4-8 January 2001 , 2001 .

[51]  K. Pedersen,et al.  A very energetic supernova associated with the γ-ray burst of 29 March 2003 , 2003, Nature.

[52]  Y. Yoshii,et al.  A Two-Component Model for the Light Curves of Hypernovae , 2003, astro-ph/0305182.

[53]  Steve Gunnels,et al.  The Las Campanas Infrared Survey Camera , 2002 .

[54]  M. C. Begam,et al.  Discovery of the peculiar supernova 1998bw in the error box of GRB 980425 , 1998, astro-ph/9806175.

[55]  Presupernova evolution of differentially rotating massive stars including magnetic fields , 2004, astro-ph/0409422.

[56]  J. Mathis,et al.  The relationship between infrared, optical, and ultraviolet extinction , 1989 .

[57]  Lifan Wang,et al.  Asymmetric Supernovae, Pulsars, Magnetars, and Gamma-Ray Bursts , 2000 .