Self‐prescribing of antibiotics by patients seeking care in Indian emergency departments

Antibiotic resistance is a global health threat. India has one of the highest rates of antibiotic use in the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of self‐prescribed antibiotic use of patients presenting with febrile and infectious disease‐related complaints to Indian emergency departments.

[1]  D. Stewart,et al.  Views and experiences of community pharmacy team members on antimicrobial stewardship activities in Scotland: a qualitative study , 2020, International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy.

[2]  E. Klein,et al.  Assessment of WHO antibiotic consumption and access targets in 76 countries, 2000-15: an analysis of pharmaceutical sales data. , 2020, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[3]  Jorie M. Butler,et al.  Perspectives of Physician and Pharmacist Stewards on Successful Antibiotic Stewardship Program Implementation: A Qualitative Study , 2020, Open forum infectious diseases.

[4]  S. Panigrahi,et al.  Covid-19 chemoprophylaxis: Ethics of prevention based on anecdotal evidence. , 2020, Indian journal of medical ethics.

[5]  F. Burden,et al.  No Prescription, No Problem! A Mixed-Methods Study of Antimicrobial Stewardship Relating to Working Equines in Drug Retail Outlets of Northern India , 2020, Antibiotics.

[6]  M. Soneja,et al.  Hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis for high-risk COVID-19 contacts in India: a prudent approach , 2020, The Lancet Infectious Diseases.

[7]  Z. Xuan,et al.  Determinants of non-prescription antibiotic dispensing in Chinese community pharmacies from socio-ecological and health system perspectives. , 2020, Social science & medicine.

[8]  A. Kalantri,et al.  Hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis for COVID-19 contacts in India , 2020, The Lancet Infectious Diseases.

[9]  E. Hermsen,et al.  Decreasing the Peril of Antimicrobial Resistance Through Enhanced Health Literacy in Outpatient Settings: An Underrecognized Approach to Advance Antimicrobial Stewardship , 2020, Advances in Therapy.

[10]  M. Paasche-Orlow,et al.  Use of Antibiotics Without a Prescription in the U.S. Population , 2019, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[11]  R. Kravitz,et al.  Communication interventions to promote the public’s awareness of antibiotics: a systematic review , 2019, BMC Public Health.

[12]  S. De,et al.  Antibiotic resistance: A cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitude, and practices among veterinarians of Haryana state in India , 2019, Veterinary world.

[13]  V. Sreenivas,et al.  Antibiotic stewardship initiative in a Medicine unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital in India: A pilot study , 2019, The Indian journal of medical research.

[14]  D. Morgan,et al.  Global access to antibiotics without prescription in community pharmacies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2019, The Journal of infection.

[15]  P. Roderick,et al.  Threats to global antimicrobial resistance control: Centrally approved and unapproved antibiotic formulations sold in India , 2019, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[16]  M. Atif,et al.  Community pharmacists as antibiotic stewards: A qualitative study exploring the current status of Antibiotic Stewardship Program in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. , 2019, Journal of infection and public health.

[17]  K. Manikandan,et al.  Self-medication with antibiotics: A knowledge, attitude, and practice appraisal of 610 dental patients in Chennai, India, from 2016 to 2017 , 2018, Journal of education and health promotion.

[18]  G. Nepal,et al.  Self-medication with Antibiotics in WHO Southeast Asian Region: A Systematic Review , 2018, Cureus.

[19]  H. Goossens,et al.  Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015 , 2018, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[20]  A. Morris,et al.  Is it time to stop counselling patients to “finish the course of antibiotics”? , 2017, Canadian pharmacists journal : CPJ = Revue des pharmaciens du Canada : RPC.

[21]  Benjamin Li,et al.  US Emergency Department Visits for Outpatient Adverse Drug Events, 2013-2014 , 2017 .

[22]  Nadine Shehab,et al.  US Emergency Department Visits for Outpatient Adverse Drug Events, 2013-2014. , 2016, JAMA.

[23]  L. Hicks,et al.  Core Elements of Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship. , 2016, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports.

[24]  D. Akena,et al.  Household antimicrobial self-medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries , 2015, BMC Public Health.

[25]  C. L. Ventola The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. , 2015, P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management.

[26]  A. Awad,et al.  Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Antibiotic Use among the Public in Kuwait , 2015, PloS one.

[27]  Bryan T Grenfell,et al.  Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. , 2014, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[28]  G. Kumar,et al.  Prevalence of self-medication practices and its associated factors in Urban Puducherry, India , 2014, Perspectives in clinical research.

[29]  I. Okeke,et al.  Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review. , 2011, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[30]  A. Apisarnthanarak,et al.  Nonjudicious Dispensing of Antibiotics by Drug Stores in Pratumthani, Thailand , 2008, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[31]  L. Thalib,et al.  Self-medication with antibiotics and antimalarials in the community of Khartoum State, Sudan. , 2005, Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques.

[32]  G. Garra,et al.  Oral antibiotic use without consulting a physician: a survey of ED patients. , 2001, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[33]  M. Nichter,et al.  Social factors influencing the acquisition of antibiotics without prescription in Kerala State, south India. , 2000, Social science & medicine.