The Efficacy of Psychophysiological Measures for Implementing Adaptive Technology

Adaptive automation refers to technology that can change its mode of operation dynamically. Further, both the technology and the operator can initiate changes in the level or mode of automation. The present paper reviews research on adaptive technology. It is divided into three primary sections. In the first section, issues surrounding the development and implementation of adaptive automation are presented. Because physiological- based measures show much promise for implementing adaptive automation, the second section is devoted to examining candidate indices. In the final section, those techniques that show the greatest promise for adaptive automation as well as issues that still need to be resolved are discussed.

[1]  W. Verwey,et al.  Detecting short periods of elevated workload: A comparison of nine workload assessment techniques , 1996 .

[2]  M. Coles,et al.  Performance monitoring in a confusing world: error-related brain activity, judgments of response accuracy, and types of errors. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[3]  R. R. Mackie,et al.  Vigilance: Theory, Operational Performance, and Physiological Correlates , 1978 .

[4]  J. Fahrenberg,et al.  Recording methods in applied environments , 2000 .

[5]  C. Braun,et al.  Event-Related Brain Potentials Following Incorrect Feedback in a Time-Estimation Task: Evidence for a Generic Neural System for Error Detection , 1997, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[6]  J. Doyle,et al.  EEG patterns during 'cognitive' tasks. II. Analysis of controlled tasks. , 1979, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[7]  Joel S. Warm,et al.  Effects of Signal Salience and Cueing on Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity during Sustained Attention , 2000 .

[8]  Carolyne R Swain,et al.  Electrophysiological, behavioral, and subjective indexes of workload when performing multiple tasks: manipulations of task difficulty and training. , 1999, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[9]  Mica R. Endsley,et al.  Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems , 1995, Hum. Factors.

[10]  Alexander Gundel,et al.  Sleepiness of civil airline pilots during two consecutive night flights of extended duration , 1995, Biological Psychology.

[11]  G. Pfurtscheller,et al.  Event-related cortical desynchronization detected by power measurements of scalp EEG. , 1977, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[12]  David L. Strayer,et al.  Event related potentials and EEG components in a semantic memory search task. , 1992, Psychophysiology.

[13]  R W Backs,et al.  Psychophysiological Measures of Workload during Continuous Manual Performance , 1994, Human factors.

[14]  Jane T. Malin,et al.  Making Intelligent Systems Team Players: Overview for Designers , 1992 .

[15]  C. Hillman,et al.  An electrocortical comparison of executed and rejected shots in skilled marksmen , 2000, Biological Psychology.

[16]  James F. O'Hanlon,et al.  Concurrence of Electroencephalographic and Performance Changes During a Simulated Radar Watch and Some Implications for the Arousal Theory of Vigilance , 1977 .

[17]  J F O'Hanlon,et al.  Operant Control of Occipital Theta Rhythm Affects Performance in a Radar Monitoring Task , 1974, Science.

[18]  James C. Miller,et al.  Batch processing of 10000 h of truck driver EEG data , 1995, Biological Psychology.

[19]  J. Arruda,et al.  Comparison of QEEG and response accuracy in good vs poorer performers during a vigilance task. , 1993, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[20]  E T Doherty,et al.  Speech measures indicating workload demand. , 1994, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[21]  David C. Nagel,et al.  Human factors in aviation , 1988 .

[22]  F. Yuan,et al.  SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) , 1999 .

[23]  C. Brunia,et al.  Psychophysiological brain research. , 1993 .

[24]  Raja Parasuraman,et al.  Divided attention and metabolic brain dysfunction in mild dementia of the Alzheimer's type , 1991, Neuropsychologia.

[25]  D. Damos Multiple-task performance , 2020 .

[26]  Edward E. Smith,et al.  Working Memory: A View from Neuroimaging , 1997, Cognitive Psychology.

[27]  Gary D. Lewis,et al.  Noninvasive infrared cerebral oximetry , 1992, Photonics West - Lasers and Applications in Science and Engineering.

[28]  Mark W. Scerbo,et al.  The Effects of Task Partitioning and Computer Skill on Engagement and Performance with an Adaptive, Biocybernetic System , 1998 .

[29]  R Parasuraman,et al.  MONITORING OF AUTOMATED SYSTEM , 1996 .

[30]  Michael E. Smith,et al.  Monitoring Working Memory Load during Computer-Based Tasks with EEG Pattern Recognition Methods , 1998, Hum. Factors.

[31]  L. Mulder,et al.  A Psychophysiological Approach to Working Conditions , 2000 .

[32]  F. Freeman,et al.  Evaluation of an adaptive automation system using three EEG indices with a visual tracking task , 1999, Biological Psychology.

[33]  M. Posner,et al.  Localization of a Neural System for Error Detection and Compensation , 1994 .

[34]  Joel F. Lubar,et al.  EEG Biofeedback for the Enhancement of Attentional Processing in Normal College Students , 1995 .

[35]  Earl L. Wiener,et al.  Human factors of advanced technology (glass cockpit) transport aircraft , 1989 .

[36]  William B. Rouse,et al.  Human-Technology Interaction in Complex Systems , 1993 .

[37]  G. Robert J. Hockey,et al.  Level of Operator Control and Changes in Heart Rate Variability during Simulated Flight Maintenance , 1995, Hum. Factors.

[38]  Matthias M. Müller,et al.  Selective visual-spatial attention alters induced gamma band responses in the human EEG , 1999, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[39]  J. Hohnsbein,et al.  ERP components on reaction errors and their functional significance: a tutorial , 2000, Biological Psychology.

[40]  D. R. Davies,et al.  SKIN-CONDUCTANCE, ALPHA-ACTIVITY, AND VIGILANCE. , 1965, The American journal of psychology.

[41]  S. Makeig,et al.  Lapses in alertness: coherence of fluctuations in performance and EEG spectrum. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[42]  P. Hancock Human Factors Psychology , 1987 .

[43]  Scott A. Shappell Why Would an Experienced Aviator Fly a Perfectly Good Aircraft into the Ground , 1997 .

[44]  Alan T. Pope,et al.  Identification of Hazardous Awareness States in Monitoring Environments , 1992 .

[45]  Joel F. Lubar,et al.  Neurofeedback Assessment and Treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders , 1999 .

[46]  R Mollard,et al.  Human vigilance in railway and long-haul flight operation. , 1993, Ergonomics.

[47]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation , 2000, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part A.

[48]  D. Broverman,et al.  EEG and mental abilities. , 1968, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[49]  Sandra H. Rouse,et al.  A Framework for Research on Adaptive Decision Aids , 1983 .

[50]  M. Coles,et al.  "Where did I go wrong?" A psychophysiological analysis of error detection. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[51]  Robert Du,et al.  Towards measurement of brain function in operational environments , 1995, Biological Psychology.

[52]  M. Sterman,et al.  Multiband topographic EEG analysis of a simulated visuomotor aviation task. , 1994, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[53]  L. T,et al.  Electrooculographic and performance indices of fatigue during simulated flight , 2022 .

[54]  M. Laine,et al.  Event-related EEG desynchronization and synchronization during an auditory memory task. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[55]  I Shimoyama,et al.  Attention changes the peak latency of the visual gamma-band oscillation of the EEG. , 1999, Neuroreport.

[56]  Raja Parasuraman,et al.  Humans and Automation: Use, Misuse, Disuse, Abuse , 1997, Hum. Factors.

[57]  Clay B. Holroyd,et al.  Error-related scalp potentials elicited by hand and foot movements: evidence for an output-independent error-processing system in humans , 1998, Neuroscience Letters.

[58]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Complementary neural mechanisms for tracking items in human working memory. , 2000, Science.

[59]  C. Wickens Engineering psychology and human performance, 2nd ed. , 1992 .

[60]  Barry H. Kantowitz,et al.  Mental Workload , 2020, Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine.

[61]  C. Sherrington,et al.  On the Regulation of the Blood‐supply of the Brain , 1890, The Journal of physiology.

[62]  G F Wilson,et al.  Evoked potential, cardiac, blink, and respiration measures of pilot workload in air-to-ground missions. , 1994, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[63]  Richard W. Backs,et al.  THE USE OF AUTONOMIC COMPONENTS TO IMPROVE CARDIOVASCULAR ASSESSMENT OF MENTAL WORKLOAD IN FLIGHT SIMULATION , 1999 .

[64]  J Springer,et al.  Stress and strain of short haul bus drivers: psychophysiology as a design oriented method for analysis. , 1998, Ergonomics.

[65]  Maurice B. Sterman Epilepsy and its Treatment with Eeg Feedback Therapy , 1986 .

[66]  T. Treasure Where did I go wrong? , 1994, The Lancet.

[67]  Victor A. Riley,et al.  Operator reliance on automation: Theory and data. , 1996 .

[68]  Hankins Tc,et al.  A comparison of heart rate, eye activity, EEG and subjective measures of pilot mental workload during flight. , 1998, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[69]  P. Swingle,et al.  Subthreshold 10-Hz Sound Suppresses EEG Theta , 1996 .

[70]  J. Wolpaw,et al.  Multichannel EEG-based brain-computer communication. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[71]  J E Whinnery Observations on the neurophysiologic theory of acceleration (+Gz) induced loss of consciousness. , 1989, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[72]  N Egelund,et al.  Spectral analysis of heart rate variability as an indicator of driver fatigue. , 1982, Ergonomics.

[73]  Leslie G. Ungerleider Two cortical visual systems , 1982 .

[74]  J. Stern,et al.  Eye movements and blinks: their relationship to higher cognitive processes. , 1989, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[75]  R W Backs Going beyond heart rate: autonomic space and cardiovascular assessment of mental workload. , 1995, The International journal of aviation psychology.

[76]  D. Sheer,et al.  Effect of problem solving on right and left hemisphere 40 hertz EEG activity. , 1982, Psychophysiology.

[77]  William B. Rouse,et al.  Human-Computer Interaction in Multitask Situations , 1977, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[78]  Justine E Owens,et al.  Binaural Auditory Beats Affect Vigilance Performance and Mood , 1998, Physiology & Behavior.

[79]  R. Knight,et al.  Prefrontal–cingulate interactions in action monitoring , 2000, Nature Neuroscience.

[80]  H. Kornhuber,et al.  Event-related EEG-spectra in a concept formation task. , 1988, Human neurobiology.

[81]  Mark S. Young,et al.  The Role of Mental Models in Using Adaptive Cruise Control , 2000 .

[82]  D. Sheer,et al.  Laterality of 40 Hz EEG and EMG during cognitive performance. , 1984, Psychophysiology.

[83]  R. Khatwa,et al.  An Analysis of Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) Accidents of Commercial Operators 1988 through 1994 , 1996 .

[84]  T. Järvilehto,et al.  Frontal midline theta related to learning in a simulated driving task , 1995, Biological Psychology.

[85]  J. Veltman,et al.  Physiological workload reactions to increasing levels of task difficulty. , 1998, Ergonomics.

[86]  R. S. Daniel,et al.  Alpha and Theta EEG in Vigilance , 1967, Perceptual and motor skills.

[87]  Toshiyuki Inagaki Situation-Adaptive Autonomy: Dynamic Trading of Authority between Human and Automation , 2000 .

[88]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Principles of psychophysiology : physical, social, and inferential elements , 1990 .

[89]  S J Petruzzello,et al.  Hemispheric asymmetry, cardiac response, and performance in elite archers. , 1990, Research quarterly for exercise and sport.

[90]  Stephen W. Porges,et al.  Research methods for measurement of heart rate and respiration , 1992, Biological Psychology.

[91]  Mark W. Scerbo,et al.  The electrocortical correlates of daydreaming during vigilance tasks. , 2000 .

[92]  F. Freeman,et al.  A Closed-Loop System for Examining Psychophysiological Measures for Adaptive Task Allocation , 2000, The International journal of aviation psychology.

[93]  David D. Woods,et al.  Decomposing Automation : Apparent Simplicity , Real Complexity , 2003 .

[94]  N Moray,et al.  Trust, control strategies and allocation of function in human-machine systems. , 1992, Ergonomics.

[95]  Joel F. Lubar,et al.  Effects of 18.5 Hz Auditory and Visual Stimulation on EEG Amplitude at the Vertex , 1999 .

[96]  G. Wilson Applied use of cardiac and respiration measures: Practical considerations and precautions , 1992, Biological Psychology.

[97]  Mark S. Young,et al.  Journey's End: Will Vehicle Automation Make Skilled Drivers Redundant? , 2000 .

[98]  G. Pfurtscheller Event-related EEG desynchronization , 1990 .

[99]  W. Klimesch EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis , 1999, Brain Research Reviews.

[100]  Bonnie M. Muir,et al.  Trust Between Humans and Machines, and the Design of Decision Aids , 1987, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[101]  J. Lubar Discourse on the development of EEG diagnostics and biofeedback for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders , 1991, Biofeedback and self-regulation.

[102]  R. Näätänen Attention and brain function , 1992 .

[103]  Thomas B. Sheridan,et al.  Human and Computer Control of Undersea Teleoperators , 1978 .

[104]  M A Vidulich,et al.  Performance-based and physiological measures of situational awareness. , 1994, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[105]  V. Ramachandran,et al.  Encyclopedia of the Human Brain , 2002 .

[106]  E. R. John,et al.  Quantitative electrophysiological studies of mental tasks , 1995, Biological Psychology.

[107]  J D Guieu,et al.  Evaluation of event-related desynchronization (ERD) during a recognition task: effect of attention. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[108]  Frank E. Gomer,et al.  Physiological Monitoring and the Concept of Adaptive Systems , 1981 .

[109]  Steven J. Petruzzello,et al.  Biofeedback and sport/exercise performance: Applications and limitations , 1991 .

[110]  T. Fernández,et al.  EEG delta activity: an indicator of attention to internal processing during performance of mental tasks. , 1996, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[111]  Mustapha Mouloua,et al.  Automation and Human Performance : Theory and Applications , 1996 .

[112]  N Birbaumer,et al.  Changes in EEG Power Spectra During Biofeedback of Slow Cortical Potentials in Epilepsy , 1999, Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback.

[113]  L. Kaufman,et al.  Handbook of perception and human performance , 1986 .

[114]  Andrew Abarbanel,et al.  The Neural Underpinnings of Neurofeedback Training , 1999 .

[115]  J. Veltman,et al.  Physiological indices of workload in a simulated flight task , 1996, Biological Psychology.

[116]  F. Freeman,et al.  Evaluation of a Psychophysiologically Controlled Adaptive Automation System, Using Performance on a Tracking Task , 2000, Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback.

[117]  J. Stern,et al.  The endogenous eyeblink. , 1984, Psychophysiology.

[118]  P. Jorna Spectral analysis of heart rate and psychological state: A review of its validity as a workload index , 1992, Biological Psychology.

[119]  B. Rockstroh,et al.  Biofeedback of slow cortical potentials. I. , 1980, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[120]  N. Birbaumer,et al.  A New Method for Self-Regulation of Slow Cortical Potentials in a Timed Paradigm , 1997, Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback.

[121]  J. Lubar,et al.  Evaluation of the effectiveness of EEG neurofeedback training for ADHD in a clinical setting as measured by changes in T.O.V.A. scores, behavioral ratings, and WISC-R performance , 1995, Biofeedback and self-regulation.

[122]  D. Schacter EEG theta waves and psychological phenomena: A review and analysis , 1977, Biological Psychology.

[123]  M. Corbetta Functional anatomy of visual attention in the human brain: Studies with positron emission tomography. , 1998 .

[124]  B L Bird,et al.  Maintenance and generalization of 40-Hz EEG biofeedback effects , 1980, Biofeedback and self-regulation.

[125]  Raja Parasuraman,et al.  Event-related brain potentials and human factors research. , 1990 .

[126]  G. R. J. Hockey Compensatory control in the regulation of human performance under stress and high workload: A cognitive-energetical framework , 1997, Biological Psychology.

[127]  N Birbaumer,et al.  Self-report during feedback regulation of slow cortical potentials. , 1989, Psychophysiology.

[128]  Mark W. Scerbo,et al.  Performance on an Adaptive Automated Team Tracking Task with Human and Computer Teammates , 1997 .

[129]  David B. Kaber,et al.  Adaptive Automation of a Dynamic Control Task Based on Secondary Task Workload Measurement , 1999 .

[130]  M. Botvinick,et al.  Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. , 1998, Science.

[131]  Joel F. Lubar,et al.  EEG Power-Spectral and Coherence Differences Between Attentional States during a Complex Auditory Task , 1997 .

[132]  D J McFarland,et al.  An EEG-based brain-computer interface for cursor control. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[133]  N Birbaumer,et al.  The effects of self-regulation of slow cortical potentials on performance in a signal detection task. , 1979, The International journal of neuroscience.

[134]  A S Gevins,et al.  EEG patterns during 'cognitive' tasks. I. Methodology and analysis of complex behaviors. , 1979, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[135]  R. Parasuraman Event-Related Brain Potentials and Intermodal Divided Attention , 1985 .

[136]  Risto N t nen Attention and brain function , 1992 .

[137]  G. Mangun Neural mechanisms of visual selective attention. , 1995, Psychophysiology.

[138]  B. Rockstroh,et al.  Slow potentials of the cerebral cortex and behavior. , 1990, Physiological reviews.

[139]  M. Sterman,et al.  Physiological origins and functional correlates of EEG rhythmic activities: Implications for self-regulation , 1996, Biofeedback and self-regulation.

[140]  J. R. Comstock MAT - MULTI-ATTRIBUTE TASK BATTERY FOR HUMAN OPERATOR WORKLOAD AND STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR RESEARCH , 1994 .

[141]  Georg Brügner,et al.  Occupational stress and strain of female students: results of physiological, behavioral, and psychological monitoring , 1996, Biological Psychology.

[142]  M. Sterman,et al.  Concepts and applications of EEG analysis in aviation performance evaluation , 1995, Biological Psychology.

[143]  R W Backs,et al.  Psychophysiological aspects of selective and divided attention during continuous manual tracking. , 1997, Acta psychologica.

[144]  W. Herrmann,et al.  COMSTAT rule for vigilance classification based on spontaneous EEG activity. , 1987, Neuropsychobiology.

[145]  S J Petruzzello,et al.  The influence of electrocortical biofeedback on performance in pre-elite archers. , 1991, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[146]  Joseph H. Ricker Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback , 2000 .

[147]  R. Parasuraman,et al.  Psychophysiology and adaptive automation , 1996, Biological Psychology.

[148]  D. Meyer,et al.  A Neural System for Error Detection and Compensation , 1993 .

[149]  T. Fernández,et al.  EEG activation patterns during the performance of tasks involving different components of mental calculation. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[150]  S. Grossberg The Attentive Brain , 1995 .

[151]  E. Donchin,et al.  Event-related brain potentials and error-related processing: an analysis of incorrect responses to go and no-go stimuli. , 1996, Psychophysiology.

[152]  Alan C. Evans,et al.  Time-Related Changes in Neural Systems Underlying Attention and Arousal During the Performance of an Auditory Vigilance Task , 1997, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[153]  Stephanie Guerlain,et al.  The Rotorcraft Pilot's Associate Cockpit Information Manager: Acceptable Behavior from a New Crew Member , 1999 .

[154]  Dennis J. McFarland,et al.  An EEG-based method for graded cursor control , 1993, Psychobiology.

[155]  J. G. Hollands,et al.  Engineering Psychology and Human Performance , 1984 .

[156]  B. Kopp,et al.  N200 in the flanker task as a neurobehavioral tool for investigating executive control. , 1996, Psychophysiology.

[157]  Lawrence J. Prinzel,et al.  An Assessment of the Efficacy of Event-Related Potentials for Adaptive Automation , 1998 .

[158]  J. Hasan,et al.  Validation of computer analysed polygraphic patterns during drowsiness and sleep onset. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[159]  Bradley D. Hatfield,et al.  Electroencephalography and Mental States Associated with Elite Performance , 1998 .

[160]  D. Crews,et al.  Electroencephalographic measures of attentional patterns prior to the golf putt. , 1993, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[161]  A Kirlik Modeling Strategic Behavior in Human-Automation Interaction: Why an "Aid" Can (and Should) Go Unused , 1993, Human factors.

[162]  A Gale,et al.  EEG correlates of signal rate, time in task and individual differences in reaction time during a five-stage sustained attention task. , 1977, Ergonomics.

[163]  C. Wientjes Respiration in psychophysiology: methods and applications , 1992, Biological Psychology.

[164]  Renate Rau,et al.  Psychophysiological assessment of human reliability in a simulated complex system , 1996, Biological Psychology.

[165]  A. Weltman,et al.  Heart period variability of trained and untrained men at rest and during mental challenge. , 1998, Psychophysiology.

[166]  F. Vidal,et al.  Is the ‘error negativity’ specific to errors? , 2000, Biological Psychology.

[167]  F. Yamada Frontal midline theta rhythm and eyeblinking activity during a VDT task and a video game: useful tools for psychophysiology in ergonomics. , 1998, Ergonomics.

[168]  Werner Lutzenberger,et al.  Biofeedback produced slow brain potentials and task performance , 1982, Biological Psychology.

[169]  W. Rouse,et al.  An Architecture for Intelligent Interfaces: Outline of an Approach to Supporting Operators of Complex Systems , 1987, SGCH.

[170]  F. Thomas Eggemeier,et al.  Workload assessment methodology. , 1986 .

[171]  J. Lubar Neocortical Dynamics: Implications for Understanding the Role of Neurofeedback and Related Techniques for the Enhancement of Attention , 1997, Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback.

[172]  G. Sammer Heart period variability and respiratory changes associated with physical and mental load: non-linear analysis. , 1998, Ergonomics.

[173]  Thomas Elbert,et al.  Self-Regulation of The Brain and Behavior , 1984 .

[174]  Earl A. Alluisi,et al.  Effects of Temporal Stressors on Vigilance and Information Processing , 1977 .

[175]  G. Mulder,et al.  Event-Related Brain Research (EEG suppl. 42) , 1991 .

[176]  P. Hancock,et al.  Adaptive control in human-machine systems , 1987 .

[177]  J P Rosenfeld,et al.  The Effects of Alpha (10-Hz) and Beta (22-Hz) “Entrainment” Stimulation on the Alpha and Beta EEG Bands: Individual Differences Are Critical to Prediction of Effects , 1997, Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback.

[178]  M. Rugg,et al.  Electrophysiology of Mind: Event-Related Brain Potentials and Cognition , 1995 .

[179]  Bradley D. Hatfield,et al.  Cognitive processes during self-paced motor performance: An electroencephalographic profile of skilled marksmen. , 1984 .

[180]  T. Jung,et al.  Changes in alertness are a principal component of variance in the EEG spectrum , 1995, Neuroreport.

[181]  J. Hohnsbein,et al.  Late ERP components in visual and auditory Go/Nogo tasks. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[182]  Daphne N. Yu,et al.  High-resolution EEG mapping of cortical activation related to working memory: effects of task difficulty, type of processing, and practice. , 1997, Cerebral cortex.

[183]  Todd M. Eischeid,et al.  Performance on a Team Tracking Task with Human and Computer Teammates , 1996 .

[184]  Carolyne R Swain,et al.  EEG power changes during a multiple level memory retention task. , 1999, International Journal of Psychophysiology.

[185]  Herbert Bauer,et al.  Regulation of Slow Brain Potentials Affects Task Performance , 1984 .

[186]  D. Kahneman Attention and Effort , 1973 .

[187]  G Pfurtscheller,et al.  Event-related desynchronization during motor behavior and visual information processing. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Supplement.

[188]  A. Gevins,et al.  Spatiotemporal dynamics of component processes in human working memory. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[189]  Joel S. Warm,et al.  Psychology of Perception , 1957 .

[190]  M. Corsi-Cabrera,et al.  Effect of total sleep deprivation on reaction time and waking EEG activity in man. , 1995, Sleep.

[191]  Glenn F. Wilson,et al.  Psychophysiological responses to changes in workload during simulated air traffic control , 1996, Biological Psychology.

[192]  William B. Rouse,et al.  Adaptive Allocation of Decision Making Responsibility between Supervisor and Computer , 1976 .

[193]  Renwick E. Curry,et al.  Flight-deck automation: promises and problems , 1980 .

[194]  E. Basar,et al.  Brain oscillations in perception and memory. , 2000, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[195]  C D Wickens,et al.  The Event-Related Brain Potential as an Index of Display-Monitoring Workload , 1980, Human factors.

[196]  A. Kramer,et al.  Physiological metrics of mental workload: A review of recent progress , 1990, Multiple-task performance.

[197]  Judi E. See,et al.  Meta-analysis of the sensitivity decrement in vigilance. , 1995 .

[198]  S. Etlinger,et al.  Self-regulation of the brain and behavior , 1986 .

[199]  G. Pfurtscheller Event-related synchronization (ERS): an electrophysiological correlate of cortical areas at rest. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[200]  A. Pope,et al.  Biocybernetic system evaluates indices of operator engagement in automated task , 1995, Biological Psychology.

[201]  Nadine B. Sarter,et al.  How in the World Did We Ever Get into That Mode? Mode Error and Awareness in Supervisory Control , 1995, Hum. Factors.

[202]  A. Gale,et al.  Some EEG Correlates of Sustained Attention , 1977 .

[203]  David B. Kaber,et al.  Human Factors Issues in Implementation of AA to Complex Systems , 2000 .

[204]  N Birbaumer,et al.  The effects of slow cortical potentials on response speed. , 1982, Psychophysiology.

[205]  K Nakashima,et al.  The effects of various mental tasks on appearance of frontal midline theta activity in EEG. , 1992, Journal of human ergology.

[206]  J T Cacioppo,et al.  Cardiac psychophysiology and autonomic space in humans: empirical perspectives and conceptual implications. , 1993, Psychological bulletin.

[207]  S. Hart,et al.  Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research , 1988 .

[208]  L. Kaufman,et al.  Handbook of Perception and Human Performance. Volume 2. Cognitive Processes and Performance , 1994 .

[209]  L. Thompson,et al.  Neurofeedback Combined with Training in Metacognitive Strategies: Effectiveness in Students with ADD , 1998, Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback.

[210]  Karen S. Quigley,et al.  Cardiac psychophysiology and autonomic space in humans: empirical perspectives and conceptual implications. , 1993, Psychological bulletin.

[211]  Whinnery Je,et al.  Observations on the neurophysiologic theory of acceleration (+Gz) induced loss of consciousness. , 1989 .

[212]  Werner Lutzenberger,et al.  Slow cortical potential biofeedback and the startle reflex , 1994, Biofeedback and self-regulation.

[213]  W. Ray,et al.  EEG alpha activity reflects attentional demands, and beta activity reflects emotional and cognitive processes. , 1985, Science.

[214]  J. W. Kuhlman,et al.  Functional topography of the human mu rhythm. , 1978, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[215]  John E. Deaton,et al.  Theory and Design of Adaptive Automation in Aviation Systems , 1992 .