Stochastic DG Placement for Conservation Voltage Reduction Based on Multiple Replications Procedure

Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) and distributed-generation (DG) integration are popular strategies implemented by utilities to improve energy efficiency. This paper investigates the interactions between CVR and DG placement to minimize load consumption in distribution networks, while keeping the lowest voltage level within the predefined range. The optimal placement of DG units is formulated as a stochastic optimization problem considering the uncertainty of DG outputs and load consumptions. A sample average approximation algorithm-based technique is developed to solve the formulated problem effectively. A multiple replications procedure is developed to test the stability of the solution and calculate the confidence interval of the gap between the candidate solution and optimal solution. The proposed method has been applied to the IEEE 37-bus distribution test system with different scenarios. The numerical results indicate that the implementations of CVR and DG, if combined, can achieve significant energy savings.

[1]  N. S. Rau,et al.  Optimum location of resources in distributed planning , 1994 .

[2]  M. Raju,et al.  Optimal Network Reconfiguration of Large-Scale Distribution System Using Harmony Search Algorithm , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[3]  K. Srinivasan,et al.  Statistical analysis of load behavior parameters at four major loads , 1995 .

[4]  P. Jirutitijaroen,et al.  Reliability Constrained Multi-Area Adequacy Planning Using Stochastic Programming With Sample-Average Approximations , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[5]  Qianfan Wang,et al.  A chance-constrained two-stage stochastic program for unit commitment with uncertain wind power output , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[6]  Magdy M. A. Salama,et al.  Multi-Objective Optimization for the Operation of an Electric Distribution System With a Large Number of Single Phase Solar Generators , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[7]  Felix F. Wu,et al.  Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems for Loss Reduction and Load Balancing , 1989, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[8]  T. Niknam,et al.  Scenario-Based Multiobjective Volt/Var Control in Distribution Networks Including Renewable Energy Sources , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[9]  Jianhui Wang,et al.  Robust Optimization Based Optimal DG Placement in Microgrids , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[10]  D. Lauria,et al.  Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) at Northeast Utilities , 1987, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[11]  H. Ghasemi,et al.  Voltage Stability-Based DG Placement in Distribution Networks , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[12]  John R. Birge,et al.  Introduction to Stochastic Programming , 1997 .

[13]  E.F. El-Saadany,et al.  Optimal Renewable Resources Mix for Distribution System Energy Loss Minimization , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[14]  Miroslav Begovic,et al.  Capacitor placement for conservative voltage reduction on distribution feeders , 2004 .

[15]  Yongpei Guan,et al.  Stochastic Unit Commitment With Uncertain Demand Response , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[16]  A. Akbarimajd,et al.  A Method for Placement of DG Units in Distribution Networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[17]  Ehab F. El-Saadany,et al.  Optimal Placement and Sizing Method to Improve the Voltage Stability Margin in a Distribution System Using Distributed Generation , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[18]  David P. Morton,et al.  Assessing solution quality in stochastic programs , 2006, Algorithms for Optimization with Incomplete Information.

[19]  Caisheng Wang,et al.  Analytical approaches for optimal placement of distributed generation sources in power systems , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[20]  D. Kirshner,et al.  Implementation of conservation voltage reduction at Commonwealth Edison , 1990 .

[21]  Mohammed H. Haque,et al.  Efficient load flow method for distribution systems with radial or mesh configuration , 1996 .

[22]  Kyu-Ho Kim,et al.  Dispersed generator placement using fuzzy-GA in distribution systems , 2002, IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting,.

[23]  Nadarajah Mithulananthan,et al.  AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH FOR DG ALLOCATION IN PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK , 2006 .

[24]  Ruchi Singh,et al.  Evaluation of Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) on a National Level , 2010 .

[25]  T. L. Wilson,et al.  Measurement and verification of distribution voltage optimization results for the IEEE power & energy society , 2010, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[26]  Jianhui Wang,et al.  Review on Implementation and Assessment of Conservation Voltage Reduction , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[27]  D. Singh,et al.  Multiobjective Optimization for DG Planning With Load Models , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[28]  C. A. McCarthy,et al.  Applying capacitors to maximize benefits of conservation voltage reduction , 2003, Rural Electric Power Conference, 2003.

[29]  Jianhui Wang,et al.  Analysis of conservation voltage reduction effects based on multistage SVR and stochastic process , 2014, 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference & Exposition.

[30]  D. Zhu,et al.  Impact of DG placement on reliability and efficiency with time-varying loads , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[31]  Nadarajah Mithulananthan,et al.  Multiple Distributed Generator Placement in Primary Distribution Networks for Loss Reduction , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.