Technical and scale efficiency of crop and livestock farms in Poland : Does specialisation matter ?

L'efficacite technique et d'echelle des exploitations agricoles polonaises est calculee par la methode Data envelopment analysis. L'etude porte sur les differences selon l'orientation productive, en grandes cultures ou elevage, a deux dates de la transition, en 1996 et en 2000. L'article examine de plus la variabilite statistique des resultats d'efficacite. Ceux-ci sont revus a la lumiere des intervalles de confiance construits grâce au bootstrapping. En moyenne, les exploitations d'elevage ont une efficacite technique et d'echelle superieure aux exploitations de grandes cultures. L'efficacite d'echelle est toutefois tres elevee pour les deux orientations. L'inefficacite technique semble donc due principalement a une inefficacite technique pure, c'est-a-dire a une gestion inefficace. La faible education des agriculteurs en est une raison majeure. En 2000, 64% des exploitations d'elevage et 86% des exploitations de grandes cultures presentaient des retours d'echelle croissants. Ce resultat suggere des recommandations politiques afin de supprimer les incitations a garder une structure operationnelle fragmentee et de stimuler le marche de la terre. Il s'agit en particulier d'ameliorer la legislation concernant la location des terres et de modifier le systeme de retraite agricole.

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