Numerical simulation of the anthropogenic heat effect on urban boundary layer structure

In this paper, several methods of incorporating anthropogenic heat release into the boundary layer are compared. The best scheme was one that included anthropogenic heat release in both the surface energy balance equation and the thermodynamic equations. In addition, it included diurnal variations and a distribution of heat based on building concentrations. We further investigated the influence of anthropogenic heat release on urban boundary layer structure and the urban heat island, and found that the contribution of anthropogenic heat release to the urban heat island is greatest in the evening and at night, and least at noon. The daily average contribution ratio of anthropogenic heat to urban heat island intensity in the winter is 54.5%, compared with just 43.6% in the summer. Anthropogenic heat strengthens the vertical movement of urban surface air flow, changing the urban heat island circulation. It also makes the urban boundary layer more turbulent and unstable, especially in the morning and evening. The degree of influence of anthropogenic heat release on local boundary layer structure depends on its importance to the surface energy budget.

[1]  M. Raupach.  Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces , 1992 .

[2]  K. Kłysik.  Spatial and seasonal distribution of anthropogenic heat emissions in Lodz, Poland , 1996 .

[3]  Daewon W. Byun,et al.  On the Analytical Solutions of Flux-Profile Relationships for the Atmospheric Surface Layer , 1990 .

[4]  Fujio Kimura,et al.  The effects of land-use and anthropogenic heating on the surface temperature in the Tokyo Metropolitan area: A numerical experiment☆ , 1991 .

[5]  T. Oke.  The urban energy balance , 1988 .

[6]  Mesoscale Modeling of the Atmosphere , 1994 .

[7]  Haider Taha,et al.  Modifying a Mesoscale Meteorological Model to Better Incorporate Urban Heat Storage: A bulk-parameterization approach , 1999 .

[8]  Keisuke Hanaki,et al.  Thermal environment simulation for three dimensional replacement of urban activity , 1999 .

[9]  David J. Sailor,et al.  A top-down methodology for developing diurnal and seasonal anthropogenic heating profiles for urban areas , 2004 .

[10]  Yasushi Sakakibara,et al.  A numerical study of the effect of urban geometry upon the surface energy budget , 1996 .

[11]  N. Markatos,et al.  Turbulence and diffusion in stable environments , 1986 .

[12]  David J. Sailor,et al.  Modeling the impacts of anthropogenic heating on the urban climate of Philadelphia: a comparison of implementations in two PBL schemes , 2005 .

[13]  A. Siani,et al.  A canopy layer model and its application to Rome. , 2006, The Science of the total environment.

[14]  Tetsuji Yamada,et al.  A numerical model study of turbulent airflow in and above a forest canopy , 1982 .

[15]  C. Grimmond.  The suburban energy balance: Methodological considerations and results for a mid-latitude west coast city under winter and spring conditions , 1992 .

[16]  Keisuke Hanaki,et al.  Impact of anthropogenic heat on urban climate in Tokyo , 1999 .

[17]  Martin J. Leach,et al.  Evaluation of an Urban Canopy Parameterization in a Mesoscale Model , 2004 .

[18]  Yukihiro Kikegawa,et al.  Temperature Variation in the Urban Canopy with Anthropogenic Energy Use , 2003 .

[19]  Takashi Maruyama.  Surface and inlet boundary conditions for the simulation of turbulent boundary layer over complex rough surfaces , 1999 .

[20]  Aijun Xiu,et al.  Development and Testing of a Surface Flux and Planetary Boundary Layer Model for Application in Mesoscale Models , 1995 .

[21]  J. Deardorff.  Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional model , 1980 .

[22]  Z. Boybeyi.  Mesoscale Atmospheric Dispersion , 2001 .

[23]  R. Harrison,et al.  Artificial heat release from greater London, 1971–1976 , 1984 .

[24]  Itsushi Uno,et al.  Numerical modeling of the nocturnal urban boundary layer , 1989 .

[25]  Timothy R. Oke,et al.  Flux and turbulence measurements at a densely built‐up site in Marseille: Heat, mass (water and carbon dioxide), and momentum , 2004 .

[26]  C. Moeng.  A Large-Eddy-Simulation Model for the Study of Planetary Boundary-Layer Turbulence , 1984 .