Budd-Chiari Syndrom, Review und Illustration der Bildgebung

Zusammenfassung Das Budd-Chiari-Syndrom ist eine seltene vaskuläre Erkrankung, die durch eine Obstruktion des hepatischen venösen Abflusses gekennzeichnet ist. Ätiologisch spielen diverse Erkrankungen, die eine Gerinnungsstörung verursachen, wie beispielsweise myeloproliferative Erkrankungen eine Rolle. Der akute Gefäßverschluss kann zu einer akuten Phlebitis mit Fieber und der klassischen Trias des akuten Leberversagens aus Aszites, Hepatomegalie und abdominellen Schmerzen führen. Allerdings kommen auch subakute Verlaufsformen vor. Aufgrund der wechselnden Symptomatik und Ausprägung, abhängig vom zeitlichen Verlauf und dem Ausmaß der betroffenen Gefäße, gestaltet sich eine Diagnose oft schwierig. Die Sonografie als ubiquitär verfügbares und kosteneffizientes diagnostisches Mittel spielt dabei eine führende Rolle. Mithilfe der Doppler-Sonografie lässt sich zusätzlich die Hämodynamik visualisieren. Beim akuten thrombotischen Verschluss lassen sich die betroffenen Lebervenen meist nicht oder nur teilweise darstellen. Bei nicht okkludierenden Thromben können turbulente Flussmuster im Bereich der venösen Abflussstörung entstehen, im Bereich der Stenose ist die Flussgeschwindigkeit dann erhöht. Die Kontrastmittelsonografie bietet hinsichtlich einer Diagnosestellung eine höhere Spezifität als die Dopplersonografie. Durch die Computertomografie (CT) und Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT) können Thromben beziehungsweise die Ursache für eine Obstruktion teilweise direkt visualisiert werden. Sobald die Diagnose gesichert ist, muss eine Antikoagulation eingeleitet werden, aber auch eine Therapie des zugrunde liegenden Krankheitsbildes begonnen werden. Reichen symptomkontrollierende Maßnahmen nicht aus, kann eine Angioplastie/ein Stenting zur Wiedereröffnung kurzstreckiger Stenosen oder eine Transjuguläre intrahepatische portosystemische Shunt-Anlage (TIPSS) erwogen werden. Als Ultima Ratio bleibt die Lebertransplantation. Die kontroverse Studienlage zur Präzision der diagnostischen Methoden und Charakteristika der Bildgebung werden in diesem Review anhand zahlreicher Fallbeschreibungen zusammengefasst.

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