Learning and Memory Formation of Arm Movements

Learning a motor task is characterized by a gradual transition from a high demand on attention to the task becoming automatic and nonattentive. Studies that have recorded limb movements during learning of a motor task have shown that this increase in automaticity of movements is accompanied by key kinematic features: 1 Stiffness of the limbs decreases (Milner and Cloutier 1993), as evidenced by a decreased coactivation of the muscles and an increased compliance in response to a perturbation. 2 Movements become smoother (Hreljac 1993), as evidenced by a reduction in a cost function that scales with the jerkiness of the movement (second derivative of velocity). 3 Motion of the joints become decoupled (Vereijken et al. 1992), as evidenced by a reduction in the cross-correlation between patterns of joint rotations.

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