Energy-efficient policies for request-driven soft real-time systems

Computing systems, ranging from small battery-operated embedded systems to more complex general purpose systems, are designed to satisfy various computation demands in some acceptable time. In doing so, the system is responsible for scheduling jobs/requests in a dynamic fashion. In addition, with power consumption recently becoming a critical issue, most systems are also responsible for their own power management. In some rare cases, the exact arrival time and execution time of jobs/requests is known, leading to precise scheduling algorithms and power management schemes. However, more often than not, there is no a-priori knowledge of the workload. This work evaluates dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) policies for power management in systems with unpredictable workloads. A clear winner is identified, a policy that reduces the energy consumption one order of magnitude compared to no power management and up to 40% (in real-life traces) and 50% (in synthetic workloads) compared to the second-best evaluated scheme.

[1]  Klara Nahrstedt,et al.  Energy-efficient soft real-time CPU scheduling for mobile multimedia systems , 2003, SOSP '03.

[2]  Rami G. Melhem,et al.  Dynamic and aggressive scheduling techniques for power-aware real-time systems , 2001, Proceedings 22nd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS 2001) (Cat. No.01PR1420).

[3]  David G. Stork,et al.  Pattern Classification , 1973 .

[4]  Miodrag Potkonjak,et al.  Power optimization of variable voltage core-based systems , 1998, Proceedings 1998 Design and Automation Conference. 35th DAC. (Cat. No.98CH36175).

[5]  M. Potkonjak,et al.  On-line scheduling of hard real-time tasks on variable voltage processor , 1998, 1998 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.98CB36287).

[6]  Flavius Gruian Hard real-time scheduling for low-energy using stochastic data and DVS processors , 2001, ISLPED'01: Proceedings of the 2001 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.01TH8581).

[7]  Rolf Ernst,et al.  Embedded program timing analysis based on path clustering and architecture classification , 1997, 1997 Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD).

[8]  D.C. Sharp,et al.  Evaluating mission critical large-scale embedded system performance in real-time Java , 2003, RTSS 2003. 24th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium, 2003.

[9]  Dongkun Shin,et al.  Intra-Task Voltage Scheduling for Low-Energy, Hard Real-Time Applications , 2001, IEEE Des. Test Comput..

[10]  Miodrag Potkonjak,et al.  On-line scheduling of hard real-time tasks on variable voltage processor , 1998, ICCAD.

[11]  Michael Kistler,et al.  The case for power management in web servers , 2002 .

[12]  Miodrag Potkonjak,et al.  Synthesis techniques for low-power hard real-time systems on variable voltage processors , 1998, Proceedings 19th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (Cat. No.98CB36279).

[13]  Alexander Ran,et al.  Can fixed priority scheduling work in practice? , 2003, RTSS 2003. 24th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium, 2003.

[14]  F. Frances Yao,et al.  A scheduling model for reduced CPU energy , 1995, Proceedings of IEEE 36th Annual Foundations of Computer Science.

[15]  Hiroto Yasuura,et al.  Voltage scheduling problem for dynamically variable voltage processors , 1998, Proceedings. 1998 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.98TH8379).

[16]  James L. Peterson,et al.  Design and validation of a performance and power simulator for PowerPC systems , 2003, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[17]  Qi Yang,et al.  Energy-aware partitioning for multiprocessor real-time systems , 2003, Proceedings International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium.

[18]  Weibo Gong,et al.  An Online Optimization-based Technique For Dynamic Resource Allocation in GPS Servers , 2002 .

[19]  Alan Jay Smith,et al.  Improving dynamic voltage scaling algorithms with PACE , 2001, SIGMETRICS '01.

[20]  E. N. Elnozahy,et al.  Energy-Efficient Server Clusters , 2002, PACS.

[21]  Shigeo Abe DrEng Pattern Classification , 2001, Springer London.

[22]  Kevin Skadron,et al.  Power-aware QoS management in Web servers , 2003, RTSS 2003. 24th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium, 2003.

[23]  Reinder J. Bril,et al.  QoS Control Strategies for High-Quality Video Processing , 2004, ECRTS.

[24]  Hal Wasserman,et al.  Comparing algorithm for dynamic speed-setting of a low-power CPU , 1995, MobiCom '95.

[25]  Daniel Moss,et al.  Compiler-assisted dynamic power-aware scheduling for real-time applications , 2000 .

[26]  Trevor Mudge,et al.  Vertigo: automatic performance-setting for Linux , 2002, OPSR.

[27]  Miodrag Potkonjak,et al.  Power optimization of variable-voltage core-based systems , 1999, IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst..