The Role of Face-to-Face Meetings in Technology-Supported Self-Organizing Distributed Teams

We examine the role of face-to-face meetings in the context of technology-supported self-organizing distributed (or virtual teams), specifically free/libre open source software (FLOSS) development teams. Based on a qualitative inductive analysis of data from interviews and observations at FLOSS conferences, we identify a variety of settings in which developers meet face-to-face, and we point out the activities performed in these settings and the benefits obtained. Contrary to conventional wisdom about distributed teams, FLOSS developers generally do not meet face-to-face until the project is well under way. An additional benefit of face-to-face meetings is time away from a regular job and speed of interaction for certain kinds of tasks.

[1]  Pamela J. Hinds,et al.  The Place of Face-to-Face Communication in Distributed Work , 2002 .

[2]  Deirdre Boden,et al.  The Compulsion of Proximity , 1993 .

[3]  Paul B. Reed,et al.  The Civic Core in Canada: Disproportionality in Charitable Giving, Volunteering, and Civic Participation , 2001 .

[4]  Jim Suchan,et al.  The communication characteristics of virtual teams: a case study , 2001 .

[5]  Ned Kock,et al.  Can communication medium limitations foster better group outcomes? An action research study , 1998, Inf. Manag..

[6]  Ned Kock,et al.  The Psychobiological Model: Towards a New Theory of Computer-Mediated Communication Based on Darwinian Evolution , 2004, Organ. Sci..

[7]  Lori Anschuetz Managing geographically distributed teams , 1998, IPCC 98. Contemporary Renaissance: Changing the Way we Communicate. Proceedings 1998 IEEE International Professional Communication Conference (Cat. No.98CH36332).

[8]  Robert C. Dailey,et al.  Understanding Organizational Commitment for Volunteers: Empirical and Managerial Implications , 1986 .

[9]  Bernard C. Y. Tan,et al.  A dialogue technique to enhance electronic communication in virtual teams , 2000 .

[10]  M. Maznevski,et al.  Bridging Space Over Time: Global Virtual Team Dynamics and Effectiveness , 2000 .

[11]  Jan Ljungberg,et al.  Guest Editorial A further investigation of open source software: community, co-ordination, code quality and security issues , 2002 .

[12]  C. W. Gordon,et al.  A Typology of Voluntary Associations , 1959 .

[13]  Sonali K. Shah Motivation, Governance, and the Viability of Hybrid Forms in Open Source Software Development , 2006, Manag. Sci..

[14]  Blake Ives,et al.  Virtual teams: a review of current literature and directions for future research , 2004, DATB.

[15]  John F. Sherry,et al.  The Meeting: Gatherings in Organizations and Communities. , 1991 .

[16]  Jerry L. L. Miller,et al.  TESTING A DYNAMIC MODEL OF SOCIAL COMPOSITION: DIVERSITY AND CHANGE IN VOLUNTARY GROUPS* , 1996 .

[17]  Richard A. Guzzo,et al.  Teams in organizations: recent research on performance and effectiveness. , 1996, Annual review of psychology.

[18]  Ilze Zigurs,et al.  Paradoxes and Prerogatives in Global Virtual Collaboration , 2001, CACM.

[19]  Daniel Robey,et al.  Situated learning in cross-functional virtual teams , 2000 .

[20]  Pamela J. Hinds,et al.  The (Currently) Unique Advantages of Collocated Work , 2002 .

[21]  Miller Mc Pherson The Size of Voluntary Organizations , 1983 .

[22]  David Horton Smith,et al.  Grassroots Associations are Important: Some Theory and a Review of the Impact Literature , 1997 .

[23]  Alexander Hars,et al.  Why is Open Source Software Viable? A Study of Intrinsic Motivation, Personal Needs and Future Returns , 2000 .

[24]  M. Harris,et al.  Doing it their Way: Organizational Challenges for Voluntary Associations , 1998 .

[25]  J. Herbsleb,et al.  Two case studies of open source software development: Apache and Mozilla , 2002, TSEM.

[26]  Vijayan Sugumaran,et al.  A framework for creating hybrid‐open source software communities , 2002, Inf. Syst. J..

[27]  Gillian Symon,et al.  Information and communication technologies and the network organization: A critical analysis , 2000 .

[28]  Dimitrina S. Dimitrova,et al.  Computer Networks as Social Networks: Collaborative Work, Telework, and Virtual Community , 1996 .

[29]  Fred Niederman,et al.  Defining the “virtualness” of groups, teams, and meetings , 1999, SIGCPR '99.

[30]  Jessica Lipnack,et al.  Virtual Teams: Reaching Across Space, Time, and Organizations with Technology , 1997 .

[31]  Kevin Crowston,et al.  Discontinuities and continuities: a new way to understand virtual work , 2002, Inf. Technol. People.

[32]  Robert E. Cole,et al.  From a Firm-Based to a Community-Based Model of Knowledge Creation: The Case of the Linux Kernel Development , 2003, Organ. Sci..

[33]  Lee Sproull,et al.  Essence of Distributed Work: The Case of the Linux Kernel , 2000, First Monday.

[34]  Nitin Nohria,et al.  Face-to-Face: Making Network Organizations Work , 1992 .

[35]  J-P.A. Hobbs Free for all , 1994, Nature.

[36]  Jonathon N. Cummings,et al.  The Spatial, Temporal, and Configurational Characteristics of Geographic Dispersion in Teams , 2007, MIS Q..

[37]  Magnus Bergquist,et al.  The power of gifts: organizing social relationships in open source communities , 2001, Inf. Syst. J..

[38]  J. Urry Mobility and Proximity , 2002 .

[39]  H. Schwartzman The meeting as a neglected social form in organizational studies. , 1986 .

[40]  Mark Gaved,et al.  Grassroots Initiated Networked Communities: A Study of Hybrid Physical/Virtual Communities , 2005, Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[41]  John Urry,et al.  Social networks, travel and talk. , 2003, The British journal of sociology.

[42]  Vijayan Sugumaran,et al.  A further investigation of open source software: community, co‐ordination, code quality and security issues , 2002, Inf. Syst. J..

[43]  Brian Fitzgerald,et al.  Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in Free/Open Source Software Projects , 2007 .

[44]  Kevin Crowston,et al.  Information systems success in free and open source software development: theory and measures , 2006, Softw. Process. Improv. Pract..

[45]  Traci Carte,et al.  Cohesion and Performance in Virtual Teams: An Empirical Investigation , 2004, AMCIS.

[46]  Siobhan O’Mahony,et al.  Managing the Boundary of an 'Open' Project , 2004 .

[47]  F. Stuart Chapin,et al.  The Formalization Process in Voluntary Associations , 1956 .

[48]  Taya M. Malone,et al.  The Future of Work: How the New Order of Business Will Shape Your Organization, Your Management Style and Your Life , 2004 .

[49]  Rebecca Taylor Extending Conceptual Boundaries: Work, Voluntary Work and Employment , 2004 .

[50]  Budi Arief,et al.  focus developing with open source software The Many Meanings of Open Source , 2022 .

[51]  B. Butler When is a Group not a Group: An Empirical Examination of Metaphors for Online Social Structure , 2003 .

[52]  David Knoke,et al.  What Relevance Do Organization Theories Have for Voluntary Associations , 1984 .

[53]  Andreas Wittel Toward a Network Sociality , 2001 .

[54]  D. Sills,et al.  Voluntary Associations: Perspectives on the Literature , 1974 .

[55]  Starr Roxanne Hiltz,et al.  Effects of Four Modes of Group Communication on the Outcomes of Software Requirements Determination , 1998, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[56]  Maryann Barakso Civic Engagement and Voluntary Associations: Reconsidering the Role of the Governance Structures of Advocacy Groups , 2005, Polity.

[57]  C. Handy Understanding Voluntary Organizations , 1987 .

[58]  Richard L. Daft,et al.  Message Equivocality, Media Selection, and Manager Performance: Implications for Information Systems , 1987, MIS Q..

[59]  Venkataraman Ramesh,et al.  The object-oriented team: Lessons for virtual teams from global software development , 2002, Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[60]  Line Dubé,et al.  The Multi-Faceted Nature of Virtual Teams , 2004 .

[61]  Bonnie A. Nardi and Steve Whittaker The Place of Face-to-Face Communication in Distributed Work , 2002 .

[62]  Benson Rosen,et al.  Virtual team effectiveness: a proposed research agenda , 1999, Inf. Syst. J..