Keeping It Complex

We analyze a particular pedagogy for learning to interact productively with students and subject matter, which we call “rehearsal.” Our goal is to specify a way in which teacher educators (TEs) and novice teachers (NTs) can interact around teaching that is both embedded in practice and amenable to analysis. We address two main research questions: (a) What do TEs and NTs do together during the kind of rehearsals we have developed to prepare novices for the complex, interactive work of teaching? and (b) Where, in what they do, are there opportunities for NTs to learn to enact the principles, practices, and knowledge entailed in ambitious teaching? We detail what happens in rehearsals using quantitative and qualitative methods. We begin with the results of our quantitative analyses to characterize how typical rehearsals were structured and what was worked on. We then show how NTs and TEs worked together to enable novices to study principled practice through qualitative analyses of a particularly salient aspect of ambitious teaching, namely, eliciting and responding to students’ performance.

[1]  Christa S. C. Asterhan,et al.  Socializing Intelligence Through Academic Talk and Dialogue , 2015 .

[2]  P. Grossman Research on Pedagogical Approaches in Teacher Education , 2009 .

[3]  D. Holland Identity and Agency in Cultural Worlds , 1998 .

[4]  A. C. Lacy,et al.  Behavior analysis of male and female coaches in high school girls basketball. , 1990 .

[5]  H. Heussler,et al.  Effective teaching and learning on the wards: easier said than done? , 2009, Medical education.

[6]  S. Raudenbush,et al.  Resources, Instruction, and Research , 2003 .

[7]  G. Bloom,et al.  A Systematic Observation Study of the Teaching Behaviors of an Expert Basketball Coach , 1999 .

[8]  J. Brown,et al.  Bridging epistemologies: The generative dance between organizational knowledge and organizational knowing , 1999, STUDI ORGANIZZATIVI.

[9]  P. Black,et al.  Assessment and Classroom Learning , 1998 .

[10]  G. Hatano,et al.  TWO COURSES OF EXPERTISE , 1984 .

[11]  Berend Wierenga,et al.  Improvisation in Action , 1998 .

[12]  Dylan Wiliam,et al.  Embedded Formative Assessment , 2011 .

[13]  Mike Rose,et al.  “Our Hands Will Know”: The Development of Tactile Diagnostic Skill—Teaching, Learning, and Situated Cognition in a Physical Therapy Program , 1999 .

[14]  K. A. Ericsson,et al.  Deliberate practice and acquisition of expert performance: a general overview. , 2008, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[15]  Ilana Seidel Horn,et al.  Attending to Problems of Practice: Routines and Resources for Professional Learning in Teachers’ Workplace Interactions , 2010 .

[16]  Magdalene Lampert,et al.  Positioning Novice Teachers as Agents in Learning Teaching , 2015 .

[17]  Hubert L. Dreyfus,et al.  Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer , 1987, IEEE Expert.

[18]  P. Black,et al.  Inside the Black Box: Raising Standards through Classroom Assessment , 2010 .

[19]  Magdalene Lampert,et al.  Learning Teaching in, from, and for Practice: What Do We Mean? , 2010 .

[20]  M. Feldman,et al.  Reconceptualizing Organizational Routines as a Source of Flexibility and Change , 2003 .

[21]  Murat Akkuş The Common Core State Standards for Mathematics , 2015 .

[22]  K. Weick,et al.  Introductory Essay : Improvisation As a Mindset for Organizational Analysis , 1998 .

[23]  Abby Rekeweg Lisa Delpit: “Multiplication is for White People”: Raising Expectations for Other People’s Children , 2014 .

[24]  M. Franke,et al.  Developing Pedagogies in Teacher Education to Support Novice Teachers' Ability to Enact Ambitious Instruction , 2009 .

[25]  Paul Black,et al.  Assessment for Learning in the Classroom , 2004 .

[26]  Fred M. Newmann,et al.  Instruction and Achievement in Chicago Elementary Schools. Improving Chicago's Schools. , 2001 .

[27]  L Wilkerson,et al.  The resident as teacher during work rounds. , 1986, Journal of medical education.

[28]  K. Kline,et al.  Extending students’ mathematical thinking during whole-group discussions , 2011 .

[29]  Deborah J. Stipek,et al.  Promoting Conceptual Thinking in Four Upper-Elementary Mathematics Classrooms , 2009 .

[30]  Mary Kay Stein,et al.  Building Student Capacity for Mathematical Thinking and Reasoning: An Analysis of Mathematical Tasks Used in Reform Classrooms , 1996 .

[31]  K. Weick Improvisation as a Mindset for Organizational Analysis , 1998 .

[32]  Filippo Graziani,et al.  Instructional Activities as a Tool for Teachers' and Teacher Educators' Learning , 2009, The Elementary School Journal.

[33]  Milbrey W. McLaughlin,et al.  Building School-Based Teacher Learning Communities: Professional Strategies to Improve Student Achievement , 2006 .

[34]  James M. McPartland,et al.  Organizing Schools for Improvement: Lessons from Chicago , 2011 .

[35]  Mark A. Smylie,et al.  Promoting Instructional Improvement: A Strategic Human Resource Management Perspective. , 2006 .

[36]  James Paul Gee,et al.  Assessment, Equity, and Opportunity to Learn: Frontmatter , 2008 .

[37]  A. Parks Explicit versus Implicit Questioning: Inviting All Children to Think Mathematically , 2010, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education.

[38]  K. A. Ericsson,et al.  The Road To Excellence: The Acquisition of Expert Performance in the Arts and Sciences, Sports, and Games , 1996 .

[39]  Pam Grossman,et al.  Back to the Future: Directions for Research in Teaching and Teacher Education , 2008 .

[40]  D. Yanow Learning in and from Improvising: Lessons from Theater for Organizational Learning , 2001 .

[41]  Magdalene Lampert,et al.  Using Designed Instructional Activities to Enable Novices to Manage Ambitious Mathematics Teaching , 2010 .

[42]  Mary Kay Stein,et al.  Architectures for Learning: A Comparative Analysis of Two Urban School Districts , 2008, American Journal of Education.

[43]  B. Rogoff,et al.  Development through participation in sociocultural activity. , 1995, New directions for child development.

[44]  M. Scardamalia Collective cognitive responsibility for the advancement of knowledge , 2002 .

[45]  Andrea Raiker Assessment for learning , 2007 .

[46]  Rochelle Gutiérrez,et al.  Practices, beliefs and cultures of high school mathematics departments: understanding their influence on student advancement , 1996 .

[47]  Nancy Zimper,et al.  Transforming Teacher Education Through Clinical Practice: A National Strategy to Prepare Effective Teachers , 2010 .

[48]  P. Grossman,et al.  Redefining teaching, re‐imagining teacher education , 2009 .

[49]  K. Anders Ericsson,et al.  Attaining Excellence Through Deliberate Practice: Insights from the Study of Expert Performance , 2008 .

[50]  Magdalene Lampert,et al.  Teaching Problems and the Problems of Teaching , 2001 .

[51]  J. Bransford,et al.  Preparing Teachers for a Changing World: What Teachers Should Learn and Be Able to Do. , 2005 .

[52]  Pam Grossman,et al.  Teaching Practice: A Cross-Professional Perspective , 2009, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education.

[53]  Michael Cole,et al.  The Supra-Individual Envelope of Development: Activity and Practice, Situation and Context. , 1995 .

[54]  David T. Hansen,et al.  Teaching and Its Predicaments , 1997 .

[55]  Robert J. Crutcher,et al.  The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. , 1993 .

[56]  M. Cole A cultural-historical approach to distributed cognition , 1993 .