Plasticity of Executive Control Induced by Process-Based Cognitive Training Across the Life-Span

1 1 General Introduction 3 1.1 Plasticity of cognitive functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 Executive control functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 Cognitive training of executive control functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3.1 Transfer effects of executive control trainings . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3.2 Maintenance of training and transfer effects of executive control trainings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.3.3 Factors that may influence the efficiency of executive control training 13 2 Outline and Central Questions 19 2.1 What amount of plasticity does executive control training induce in different age groups? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2 Do training and transfer effects of executive control training remain stable over time? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3 Do training design, age, and baseline performance moderate the amount of plasticity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4 Are changes in trained tasks specifically related to changes in transfer tasks? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3 Study 1 Effects of a Task Switching Training in Adolescents 22 3.

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