Strahlenexposition von Patienten durch diagnostische und interventionelle Röntgenanwendungen

ZusammenfassungDie zivilisatorische Strahlenexposition der Bevölkerung in Deutschland resultiert in der Hauptsache aus medizinischen Strahlenanwendungen. Nach aktuellen Auswertungen ist die mittlere Exposition durch Röntgenanwendungen zwischen 1996 und 2001 von etwa 1,6 auf 1,8 mSv/Einwohner/Jahr angestiegen. Der beobachtete Anstieg ist im Wesentlichen auf die vermehrte Anwendung der CT zurückzuführen und spiegelt die gestiegene Wertigkeit dieses bildgebenden Verfahrens wider. Neben aktuellen Daten zu Häufigkeit und Dosis verschiedener Röntgenanwendungen werden patientenspezifische Faktoren erörtert, die bei einer Bewertung des resultierenden individuellen und kollektiven Strahlenrisikos zu berücksichtigen sind. Darüber hinaus werden Möglichkeiten zur Reduktion der Patientenexposition aufgezeigt und einige aktuelle Entwicklungen im Gesundheitswesen — wie z. B. Fallpauschalen in der stationären Versorgung und Früherkennungsuntersuchungen mit CT — aus strahlenhygienischer Perspektive diskutiert.AbstractMan-made radiation exposure to the German population predominantly results from the medical use of ionizing radiation. According to the most recent evaluation, the mean effective dose per inhabitant and year from X-ray procedures increased from 1.6 to 1.8 mSv between 1996 and 2001. This rise is mainly caused by the expanding use of CT and reflects the growing importance of this imaging modality. Besides actual data on the frequency and dose of various types of X-ray examinations, patient-specific factors will be highlighted which have to be considered in the assessment of the associated individual and collective radiation risk. Moreover, different concepts to reduce radiation exposure of patients will be discussed as well as some current trends in health service that may affect radiation hygiene — such as diagnosis-related groups for inpatients and CT screening.

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