Proteínas trasportadoras de fósforo de la familia PHT1 y su uso potencial en la agricultura moderna

La agricultura se ha globalizado por sus modernos avances orientados a producir más y mejores alimentos bajo un modelo de protección ambiental. Esta práctica se realiza en suelos con diferentes cantidades de nutrientes disponibles y se basa en el uso de fuentes minerales externas para satisfacer la demanda del cultivo. El fósforo (P) es un macroelemento que participa en funciones vitales de las plantas como la producción de adenosín trifosfato (ATP), formación de biomembranas y reacciones de señalización, entre otras. Las plantas utilizan estrategias fisio-morfológicas ante una deficiencia de P que se manifiestan en síntomas característicos como desarrollo deficiente, elongación de raíz, maduración precoz y reducción de la productividad del cultivo como consecuencia. Para mantener la homeostasis celular, las plantas inducen la sobreproducción de proteínas de membrana con función transportadoras de fosfato en los diferentes órganos. Estas proteínas pertenecen a la familia PHT1, presentan un transporte de tipo sin porte que facilita la introducción de fosfato inorgánico (Pi) desde la rizosfera y permiten satisfacer la demanda biológica durante los procesos de señalización y energía. Estructuralmente estas proteínas son altamente conservadas en plantas (monocotiledóneas y dicotiledóneas) y se caracterizan por poseer 12 dominios transmembranales, un dominio conservado 2A0109 y tamaño aproximado de 520 aa. El objetivo de la presente revisión es situar en perspectiva el conocimiento actual de las proteínas transportadoras de fosfato PHT1, tomando de base los avances en modelos biológicos para mejorar los procesos productivos y las técnicas de manejo nutricional en los cultivos.

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