Computational approaches and data analytics in financial services: A literature review

Abstract The level of modeling sophistication in financial services has increased considerably over the years. Nowadays, the complexity of financial problems and the vast amount of data require an engineering approach based on analytical modeling tools for planning, decision making, reporting, and supervisory control. This article provides an overview of the main financial applications of computational and data analytics approaches, focusing on the coverage of the recent developments and trends. The overview covers different methodological tools and their uses in areas, such as portfolio management, credit analysis, banking, and insurance.

[1]  Raquel Flórez López,et al.  Enhancing accuracy and interpretability of ensemble strategies in credit risk assessment. A correlated-adjusted decision forest proposal , 2015, Expert Syst. Appl..

[2]  Pavel V. Sevastjanov,et al.  A new approach to the rule-base evidential reasoning: Stock trading expert system application , 2010, Expert Syst. Appl..

[3]  Pankaj Gupta,et al.  Asset portfolio optimization using fuzzy mathematical programming , 2008, Inf. Sci..

[4]  Hui Xiong,et al.  Which startup to invest in: a personalized portfolio strategy , 2018, Ann. Oper. Res..

[5]  Leslie M. Collins,et al.  Financial fraud detection using vocal, linguistic and financial cues , 2015, Decis. Support Syst..

[6]  Qingshan Liu,et al.  A one-layer recurrent neural network for constrained pseudoconvex optimization and its application for dynamic portfolio optimization , 2012, Neural Networks.

[7]  Moharram Challenger,et al.  Design and implementation of a multiagent stock trading system , 2012, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[8]  Sung-Bae Cho,et al.  Deep Dense Convolutional Networks for Repayment Prediction in Peer-to-Peer Lending , 2018, SOCO-CISIS-ICEUTE.

[9]  Fernando García,et al.  Credit risk management: A multicriteria approach to assess creditworthiness , 2013, Math. Comput. Model..

[10]  L. Smales,et al.  News sentiment and bank credit risk , 2016 .

[11]  Hoi Ying Wong,et al.  Mean-variance asset-liability management: Cointegrated assets and insurance liability , 2012, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[12]  Davide La Torre,et al.  Goal programming for financial portfolio management: a state-of-the-art review , 2017, Operational Research.

[13]  J. Mencía,et al.  Assessing the risk-return trade-off in loan portfolios , 2012 .

[14]  Andrew D. Sanford,et al.  A Bayesian network structure for operational risk modelling in structured finance operations , 2012, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[15]  Carlos Serrano-Cinca,et al.  Determinants of Default in P2P Lending , 2015, PloS one.

[16]  Mohamed Elhoseny,et al.  Genetic Algorithm Based Model For Optimizing Bank Lending Decisions , 2017, Expert Syst. Appl..

[17]  Zhao-Rong Lai,et al.  Trend representation based log-density regularization system for portfolio optimization , 2018, Pattern Recognit..

[18]  Financial Fraud Detection , 2018, Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining. 2nd Ed..

[19]  Constantin Zopounidis,et al.  Multicriteria decision aid models for the prediction of securities class actions: evidence from the banking sector , 2014, OR Spectr..

[20]  R. V. Kulkarni,et al.  Expert system design for credit risk evaluation using neuro-fuzzy logic , 2012, Expert Syst. J. Knowl. Eng..

[21]  W. Hörmann,et al.  Fast simulations in credit risk , 2012 .

[22]  Christophe Mues,et al.  The economy and loss given default: evidence from two UK retail lending data sets , 2014, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[23]  F. Fabozzi Robust Portfolio Optimization and Management , 2007 .

[24]  Stavros A. Zenios,et al.  Robust VaR and CVaR Optimization under Joint Ambiguity in Distributions, Means, and Covariances , 2016, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[25]  Carlos Serrano-Cinca,et al.  The use of profit scoring as an alternative to credit scoring systems in peer-to-peer (P2P) lending , 2016, Decis. Support Syst..

[26]  Georgios Sermpinis,et al.  Modeling, forecasting and trading the EUR exchange rates with hybrid rolling genetic algorithms - Support vector regression forecast combinations , 2015, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[27]  Mazin A. M. Al Janabi,et al.  Multivariate dependence and portfolio optimization algorithms under illiquid market scenarios , 2017, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[28]  Kostas Andriosopoulos,et al.  Performance replication of the Spot Energy Index with optimal equity portfolio selection: Evidence from the UK, US and Brazilian markets , 2014, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[29]  Jacques Janssen,et al.  Downward migration credit risk problem: a non-homogeneous backward semi-Markov reliability approach , 2016, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[30]  Mehmet Pekkaya,et al.  Determining of stock investments with grey relational analysis , 2011, Expert Syst. Appl..

[31]  Thomas Åstebro,et al.  Bound and collapse Bayesian reject inference for credit scoring , 2010, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[32]  Frank J. Fabozzi,et al.  Fuzzy decision fusion approach for loss-given-default modeling , 2017, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[33]  Tyrone T. Lin,et al.  The venture capital entry model on game options with jump-diffusion process , 2011 .

[34]  Ash Booth,et al.  Automated trading with performance weighted random forests and seasonality , 2014, Expert Syst. Appl..

[35]  Yanchun Zhang,et al.  Domain-Driven Classification Based on Multiple Criteria and Multiple Constraint-Level Programming for Intelligent Credit Scoring , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering.

[36]  Dejun Mu,et al.  CoDetect: Financial Fraud Detection With Anomaly Feature Detection , 2018, IEEE Access.

[37]  Elisabetta Allevi,et al.  Measuring the environmental performance of green SRI funds: A DEA approach , 2019, Energy Economics.

[38]  Constantin Zopounidis,et al.  Generating interest rate scenarios for bank asset liability management , 2008, Optim. Lett..

[39]  J. Suykens,et al.  Benchmarking state-of-the-art classification algorithms for credit scoring: An update of research , 2015, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[40]  Özgür Kabak,et al.  A multiple criteria credit rating approach utilizing social media data , 2018, Data Knowl. Eng..

[41]  Hiok Chai Quek,et al.  Stock trading with cycles: A financial application of ANFIS and reinforcement learning , 2011, Expert Syst. Appl..

[42]  Eric Afful-Dadzie,et al.  A decision making model for selecting start-up businesses in a government venture capital scheme , 2016 .

[43]  James E. Smith,et al.  Dynamic Portfolio Optimization with Transaction Costs: Heuristics and Dual Bounds , 2011, Manag. Sci..

[44]  Bijan Mohammadi,et al.  Optimization strategies in credit portfolio management , 2009, J. Glob. Optim..

[45]  Dorota Witkowska,et al.  The individual borrowers recognition: Single and ensemble trees , 2009, Expert Syst. Appl..

[46]  Constantin Zopounidis,et al.  Multicriteria Analysis in Finance , 2014 .

[47]  Carlos Serrano-Cinca,et al.  A Credit Score System for Socially Responsible Lending , 2016 .

[48]  José Salvador Sánchez,et al.  A literature review on the application of evolutionary computing to credit scoring , 2013, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[49]  Harald Scheule,et al.  A copula sample selection model for predicting multi-year LGDs and Lifetime Expected Losses , 2018, Journal of Empirical Finance.

[50]  Walter Didimo,et al.  A visual analytics system to support tax evasion discovery , 2018, Decis. Support Syst..

[51]  Adel Azar,et al.  A method for modelling operational risk with fuzzy cognitive maps and Bayesian belief networks , 2019, Expert Syst. Appl..

[52]  Yazid M. Sharaiha,et al.  Heuristics for cardinality constrained portfolio optimisation , 2000, Comput. Oper. Res..

[53]  M. Qi,et al.  Comparison of modeling methods for Loss Given Default , 2011 .

[54]  Pedro Puig,et al.  Parsimonious higher order Markov models for rating transitions , 2018 .

[55]  Pedro Correia S. Bezerra,et al.  Volatility forecasting via SVR–GARCH with mixture of Gaussian kernels , 2017, Comput. Manag. Sci..

[56]  Philip C. Treleaven,et al.  Algorithmic trading review , 2013, CACM.

[57]  Zhihua Zhao,et al.  A sparse enhanced indexation model with norm and its alternating quadratic penalty method , 2019, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[58]  João A. Bastos Ensemble Predictions of Recovery Rates , 2014 .

[59]  X. Zhang,et al.  Portfolio selection under DEA-based relative financial strength indicators: case of US industries , 2008, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[60]  Panos M. Pardalos,et al.  Statistical analysis of financial networks , 2005, Comput. Stat. Data Anal..

[61]  Constantin Zopounidis,et al.  Robust multiobjective portfolio optimization: A minimax regret approach , 2017, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[62]  Frank J. Fabozzi,et al.  What do robust equity portfolio models really do? , 2012, Annals of Operations Research.

[63]  Stewart C. Myers,et al.  A Programming Approach to Corporate Financial Management , 1974 .

[64]  Luis C. Dias,et al.  Performance evaluation of Portuguese mutual fund portfolios using the value-based DEA method , 2018, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[65]  Constantin Zopounidis,et al.  Financial decision support: an overview of developments and recent trends , 2018, EURO Journal on Decision Processes.

[66]  Cornelio Yáñez-Márquez,et al.  Automatic feature weighting for improving financial Decision Support Systems , 2018, Decis. Support Syst..

[67]  Jonathan Crook,et al.  Support vector machines for credit scoring and discovery of significant features , 2009, Expert Syst. Appl..

[68]  Stavros A. Zenios,et al.  Portfolio diversification in the sovereign credit swap markets , 2018, Ann. Oper. Res..

[69]  Bart Baesens,et al.  Comprehensible Credit Scoring Models Using Rule Extraction from Support Vector Machines , 2007, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[70]  Kay Giesecke,et al.  Large-Scale Loan Portfolio Selection , 2016, Oper. Res..

[71]  Frank C. Graves,et al.  Computerized and High‐Frequency Trading , 2014 .

[72]  Norio Hibiki Multi-period stochastic optimization models for dynamic asset allocation , 2006 .

[73]  Ha Young Kim,et al.  Improving financial trading decisions using deep Q-learning: Predicting the number of shares, action strategies, and transfer learning , 2019, Expert Syst. Appl..

[74]  G. Mitra,et al.  Computational aspects of alternative portfolio selection models in the presence of discrete asset choice constraints , 2001 .

[75]  Stanislav Uryasev,et al.  Conditional Value-at-Risk for General Loss Distributions , 2002 .

[76]  Berç Rustem,et al.  Worst-case robust Omega ratio , 2014, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[77]  M. Crouhy,et al.  A comparative analysis of current credit risk models , 2000 .

[78]  Shingo Mabu,et al.  Enhanced decision making mechanism of rule-based genetic network programming for creating stock trading signals , 2013, Expert Syst. Appl..

[79]  Nicholas G. Polson,et al.  Deep learning for finance: deep portfolios: J. B. HEATON, N. G. POLSON AND J. H. WITTE , 2017 .

[80]  N. C. P. Edirisinghe,et al.  Generalized DEA model of fundamental analysis and its application to portfolio optimization , 2007 .

[81]  Fotios Pasiouras,et al.  Assessing Bank Efficiency and Performance with Operational Research and Artificial Intelligence Techniques: A Survey , 2009, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[82]  Lin Xu,et al.  Optimal investment and reinsurance for an insurer under Markov-modulated financial market , 2017 .

[83]  Andrea Capotorti,et al.  Credit scoring analysis using a fuzzy probabilistic rough set model , 2012, Comput. Stat. Data Anal..

[84]  Andrea Fronzetti Colladon,et al.  Using social network analysis to prevent money laundering , 2021, Expert Syst. Appl..

[85]  Andrew Skabar,et al.  Direction‐of‐Change Financial Time Series Forecasting using a Similarity‐Based Classification Model , 2013 .

[86]  P. Embrechts,et al.  Quantitative models for operational risk: Extremes, dependence and aggregation , 2006 .

[87]  Jonathan Crook,et al.  Time varying and dynamic models for default risk in consumer loans , 2010 .

[88]  John E. Beasley,et al.  Quantile regression for index tracking and enhanced indexation , 2013, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[89]  Lijun Bo,et al.  Robust Optimization of Credit Portfolios , 2016, Math. Oper. Res..

[90]  Dick van Dijk,et al.  Stock Selection Strategies in Emerging Markets , 2003 .

[91]  Ahmed Abbasi,et al.  MetaFraud: A Meta-Learning Framework for Detecting Financial Fraud , 2012, MIS Q..

[92]  Dimitris Bertsimas,et al.  Robust option pricing , 2014, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[93]  Andrea Consiglio,et al.  A stochastic programming model for the optimal issuance of government bonds , 2012, Ann. Oper. Res..

[94]  Vittorio Moriggia,et al.  Optimal insurance portfolios risk-adjusted performance through dynamic stochastic programming , 2018, Comput. Manag. Sci..

[95]  Guido Caldarelli,et al.  Web Search Queries Can Predict Stock Market Volumes , 2011, PloS one.

[96]  Raffaella Calabrese,et al.  Downturn Loss Given Default: Mixture distribution estimation , 2014, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[97]  C. Lucas,et al.  Heuristic algorithms for the cardinality constrained efficient frontier , 2011, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[98]  Nuno Horta,et al.  Applying a GA kernel on optimizing technical analysis rules for stock picking and portfolio composition , 2011, Expert Syst. Appl..

[99]  Süleyman Özekici,et al.  Multiperiod portfolio optimization models in stochastic markets using the mean-variance approach , 2007, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[100]  L Quirini,et al.  Creditworthiness dynamics and Hidden Markov Models , 2014, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[101]  A. Kreinin,et al.  Portfolio credit-risk optimization. , 2012 .

[102]  Rua-Huan Tsaih,et al.  Topological pattern discovery and feature extraction for fraudulent financial reporting , 2014, Expert Syst. Appl..

[103]  Jiří Witzany Erratum to: Credit Risk Management: Pricing, Measurement, and Modeling , 2017 .

[104]  Wolfgang Hörmann,et al.  Efficient simulations for a Bernoulli mixture model of portfolio credit risk , 2018, Ann. Oper. Res..

[105]  Dietmar Maringer,et al.  Portfolio management with heuristic optimization , 2005 .

[106]  Kourosh Marjani Rasmussen,et al.  Mortgage loan portfolio optimization using multi-stage stochastic programming , 2007 .

[107]  Desheng Dash Wu,et al.  A deep learning approach for credit scoring using credit default swaps , 2017, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell..

[108]  Donald Goldfarb,et al.  Robust Portfolio Selection Problems , 2003, Math. Oper. Res..

[109]  Alexandre Street,et al.  A Linear Stochastic Programming Model for Optimal Leveraged Portfolio Selection , 2018 .

[110]  Xu Ji-sheng,et al.  Artificial immune algorithm-based credit evaluation for mobile telephone customers , 2015 .

[111]  Melvyn Sim,et al.  The Price of Robustness , 2004, Oper. Res..

[112]  Chrysovalantis Gaganis,et al.  Classification techniques for the identification of falsified financial statements: a comparative analysis , 2009, Intell. Syst. Account. Finance Manag..

[113]  Hong Seo Ryoo,et al.  A compact mean-variance-skewness model for large-scale portfolio optimization and its application to the NYSE market , 2007, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[114]  David Quintana,et al.  Robust technical trading strategies using GP for algorithmic portfolio selection , 2016, Expert Syst. Appl..

[115]  Parag C. Pendharkar,et al.  Trading financial indices with reinforcement learning agents , 2018, Expert Syst. Appl..

[116]  Ting Zhang,et al.  Extreme learning machines’ ensemble selection with GRASP , 2015, Applied Intelligence.

[117]  Dietmar Maringer,et al.  Using a Genetic Algorithm to Improve Recurrent Reinforcement Learning for Equity Trading , 2016 .

[118]  Koresh Galil,et al.  Good news, bad news and rating announcements: An empirical investigation , 2011 .

[119]  Guangwu Liu,et al.  Simulating Risk Contributions of Credit Portfolios , 2015, Oper. Res..

[120]  Constantin Zopounidis,et al.  Combining accounting data and a structural model for predicting credit ratings: Empirical evidence from European listed firms , 2015 .

[121]  A. Charnes,et al.  Breakeven Budgeting and Programming to Goals , 1963 .

[122]  Panos M. Pardalos,et al.  Measures of uncertainty in market network analysis , 2013, 1311.2273.

[123]  Chen Chen,et al.  Robust multiobjective portfolio with higher moments , 2018, Expert Syst. Appl..

[124]  Daniel Rösch,et al.  Predicting Loss Severities for Residential Mortgage Loans: A Three-step Selection Approach , 2017, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[125]  A. Stuart,et al.  Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversification of Investments , 1959 .

[126]  Gautam Mitra,et al.  The Handbook of News Analytics in Finance: Mitra/The Handbook , 2011 .

[127]  Jonathan Crook,et al.  Support vector regression for loss given default modelling , 2015, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[128]  Patrizia Beraldi,et al.  Using DEA and financial ratings for credit risk evaluation: an empirical analysis , 2013 .

[129]  Fatos Xhafa,et al.  Utilizing artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms to build an algo-trading model for intra-day foreign exchange speculation , 2013, Math. Comput. Model..

[130]  Jongbin Jung,et al.  An adaptively managed dynamic portfolio selection model using a time-varying investment target according to the market forecast , 2015, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[131]  R. C. Merton,et al.  On the Pricing of Corporate Debt: The Risk Structure of Interest Rates , 1974, World Scientific Reference on Contingent Claims Analysis in Corporate Finance.

[132]  Panos M. Pardalos,et al.  Statistical procedures for the market graph construction , 2013, Comput. Stat. Data Anal..

[133]  C. Henggeler Antunes,et al.  Performance evaluation of Portuguese mutual fund portfolios using the value-based DEA method , 2018 .

[134]  Panos M. Pardalos,et al.  Optimal decision for the market graph identification problem in sign similarity network , 2015, 1512.06449.

[135]  Dietmar Maringer,et al.  Global optimization of higher order moments in portfolio selection , 2009, J. Glob. Optim..

[136]  David Enke,et al.  Intelligent technical analysis based equivolume charting for stock trading using neural networks , 2008, Expert Syst. Appl..

[137]  Jonathan N. Crook,et al.  Recent developments in consumer credit risk assessment , 2007, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[138]  Hsinchun Chen,et al.  Evaluating sentiment in financial news articles , 2012, Decis. Support Syst..

[139]  Hsin-Hung Chen,et al.  Stock selection using data envelopment analysis , 2008, Ind. Manag. Data Syst..

[140]  Panos M. Pardalos,et al.  Dynamics of cluster structures in a financial market network , 2014 .

[141]  Francisco Chiclana,et al.  Flexible inverse adaptive fuzzy inference model to identify the evolution of operational value at risk for improving operational risk management , 2018, Appl. Soft Comput..

[142]  Constantin Zopounidis,et al.  Combining Market and Accounting-Based Models for Credit Scoring Using a Classification Scheme Based on Support Vector Machines , 2012, Appl. Math. Comput..

[143]  Jonathan Crook,et al.  Enhancing two-stage modelling methodology for loss given default with support vector machines , 2017, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[144]  Panagiotis Xidonas,et al.  A multiple criteria decision-making approach for the selection of stocks , 2010, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[145]  Shuliang Li,et al.  Classification techniques for the identification of falsified financial statements: a comparative analysis , 2009 .

[146]  Maria Grazia Speranza,et al.  A heuristic framework for the bi-objective enhanced index tracking problem , 2016 .

[147]  Agostino Capponi,et al.  DYNAMIC PORTFOLIO OPTIMIZATION WITH A DEFAULTABLE SECURITY AND REGIME‐SWITCHING , 2011, 1105.0042.

[148]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  Portfolio optimization with linear and fixed transaction costs , 2007, Ann. Oper. Res..

[149]  Karl Tuyls,et al.  Evolutionary Dynamics of Multi-Agent Learning: A Survey , 2015, J. Artif. Intell. Res..

[150]  Kay Giesecke,et al.  Optimal Credit Swap Portfolios , 2013, Manag. Sci..

[151]  Akihiko Takahashi,et al.  Bitcoin technical trading with artificial neural network , 2018, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications.

[152]  Peter Winker,et al.  Optimization heuristics for determining internal rating grading scales , 2010, Comput. Stat. Data Anal..

[153]  Michael Doumpos,et al.  Portfolio optimization and index tracking for the shipping stock and freight markets using evolutionary algorithms , 2013 .

[154]  Steven Finlay,et al.  Multiple classifier architectures and their application to credit risk assessment , 2011, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[155]  Oswaldo Luiz do Valle Costa,et al.  Enhanced index tracking optimal portfolio selection , 2016 .

[156]  Burcu Dikmen,et al.  The detection of earnings manipulation: the three‐phase cutting plane algorithm using mathematical programming , 2010 .

[157]  Florez-LopezRaquel,et al.  Enhancing accuracy and interpretability of ensemble strategies in credit risk assessment. A correlated-adjusted decision forest proposal , 2015 .

[158]  Julian Scott Yeomans,et al.  Comparison of the multicriteria decision-making methods for equity portfolio selection: The U.S. evidence , 2018, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[159]  Lijun Bo,et al.  OPTIMAL INVESTMENT IN CREDIT DERIVATIVES PORTFOLIO UNDER CONTAGION RISK , 2014 .

[160]  Vaclav Kozeny Genetic algorithms for credit scoring: Alternative fitness function performance comparison , 2015, Expert Syst. Appl..

[161]  F. Hillier THE DERIVATION OF PROBABILISTIC INFORMATION FOR THE EVALUATION OF RISKY INVESTMENTS , 1963 .

[162]  Davide La Torre,et al.  A Fuzzy Goal Programming Model for Venture Capital Investment Decision Making , 2014, INFOR Inf. Syst. Oper. Res..

[163]  Bart Baesens,et al.  Using Neural Network Rule Extraction and Decision Tables for Credit - Risk Evaluation , 2003, Manag. Sci..

[164]  Jonathan Crook,et al.  Retail credit stress testing using a discrete hazard model with macroeconomic factors , 2014, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[165]  Constantin Zopounidis,et al.  Mutual funds performance appraisal using stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis , 2012, Appl. Math. Comput..

[166]  Mehdi Shajari,et al.  Cost-sensitive payment card fraud detection based on dynamic random forest and k-nearest neighbors , 2018, Expert Syst. Appl..

[167]  Chrysanthos Dellarocas,et al.  Credit Scoring with Social Network Data , 2014, Mark. Sci..

[168]  Steve Y. Yang,et al.  Stock portfolio selection using learning-to-rank algorithms with news sentiment , 2017, Neurocomputing.

[169]  Vittorio Moriggia,et al.  Pension fund management with hedging derivatives, stochastic dominance and nodal contamination , 2019, Omega.

[170]  Michel Pasquier,et al.  A novel recurrent neural network-based prediction system for option trading and hedging , 2008, Applied Intelligence.

[171]  G. Pflug,et al.  Value-at-Risk in Portfolio Optimization: Properties and Computational Approach ⁄ , 2005 .

[172]  Wei Li,et al.  Structure and dynamics of stock market in times of crisis , 2016 .

[173]  Stefan Lessmann,et al.  Extreme learning machines for credit scoring: An empirical evaluation , 2017, Expert Syst. Appl..

[174]  Alvaro Veiga,et al.  A multistage linear stochastic programming model for optimal corporate debt management , 2014, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[175]  Kin Keung Lai,et al.  An intelligent-agent-based fuzzy group decision making model for financial multicriteria decision support: The case of credit scoring , 2009, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[176]  Steven Finlay,et al.  Are we modelling the right thing? The impact of incorrect problem specification in credit scoring , 2009, Expert Syst. Appl..

[177]  Harald Scheule,et al.  Credit risk analytics : measurement techniques, applications, and examples in SAS , 2016 .

[178]  Thierry Post,et al.  Portfolio Choice Based on Third-Degree Stochastic Dominance , 2015, Manag. Sci..

[179]  Surya B. Yadav,et al.  A computational model for financial reporting fraud detection , 2011, Decis. Support Syst..

[180]  Tri-Dung Nguyen,et al.  Optimal trading under non-negativity constraints using approximate dynamic programming , 2018, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[181]  Ralf Östermark,et al.  Massively parallel processing of recursive multi-period portfolio models , 2017, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[182]  Yuan Yao,et al.  Data analytics enhanced component volatility model , 2017, Expert Syst. Appl..

[183]  D. Sornette,et al.  Decision trees unearth return sign predictability in the S&P 500 , 2018 .

[184]  John J. Glen,et al.  Mean-variance portfolio rebalancing with transaction costs and funding changes , 2011, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[185]  Joe Zhu,et al.  A new network DEA model for mutual fund performance appraisal: An application to U.S. equity mutual funds , 2017, Omega.

[186]  Sheng-Tun Li,et al.  Knowledge discovery in financial investment for forecasting and trading strategy through wavelet-based SOM networks , 2008, Expert Syst. Appl..

[187]  M A H Dempster,et al.  An automated FX trading system using adaptive reinforcement learning , 2006, Expert Syst. Appl..

[188]  Pasquale Cirillo,et al.  A reinforced urn process modeling of recovery rates and recovery times , 2018 .

[189]  Davi Michel Valladão,et al.  Asset liability management for open pension schemes using multistage stochastic programming under Solvency-II-based regulatory constraints , 2017 .

[190]  Martin Eling,et al.  Copula approaches for modeling cross-sectional dependence of data breach losses , 2018, Insurance: Mathematics and Economics.

[191]  Lyn C. Thomas,et al.  Modelling LGD for unsecured retail loans using Bayesian methods , 2015, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[192]  Jaap Spronk,et al.  Erim Report Series Research in Management a Framework for Managing a Portfolio of Socially Responsible Investments Bibliographic Data and Classifications , 2002 .

[193]  Stefano Bonini,et al.  Estimating loss-given default through advanced credibility theory , 2016 .

[194]  F. De Carlo,et al.  A Bayesian Networks approach to Operational Risk , 2009, 0906.3968.

[195]  Oldrich A Vasicek,et al.  Probability of Loss on Loan Portfolio , 2015 .

[196]  G. Mitra,et al.  The handbook of news analytics in finance , 2011 .

[197]  Elad Hazan AN ONLINE PORTFOLIO SELECTION ALGORITHM WITH REGRET LOGARITHMIC IN PRICE VARIATION , 2015 .

[198]  C H HoiSteven,et al.  Online portfolio selection , 2014 .

[199]  Germán G. Creamer Can a corporate network and news sentiment improve portfolio optimization using the Black–Litterman model? , 2015 .

[200]  Kai Keng Ang,et al.  Stock Trading Using RSPOP: A Novel Rough Set-Based Neuro-Fuzzy Approach , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks.

[201]  Tomer Geva,et al.  Empirical evaluation of an automated intraday stock recommendation system incorporating both market data and textual news , 2014, Decis. Support Syst..

[202]  Chien-Feng Huang,et al.  A hybrid stock selection model using genetic algorithms and support vector regression , 2012, Appl. Soft Comput..

[203]  George A. Christodoulakis,et al.  The Analytics of Risk Model Validation , 2008 .

[204]  Fernando Ferreira,et al.  A socio-technical approach to the evaluation of social credit applications , 2019, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[205]  Daniel Rösch,et al.  Downturn LGD modeling using quantile regression , 2017 .

[206]  Vikas Kumar,et al.  Systematic review of bankruptcy prediction models: Towards a framework for tool selection , 2018, Expert Syst. Appl..

[207]  Bart Baesens,et al.  Time to default in credit scoring using survival analysis: a benchmark study , 2015, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[208]  Yong Shi,et al.  Credit risk evaluation using multi-criteria optimization classifier with kernel, fuzzification and penalty factors , 2014, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[209]  Diego Klabjan,et al.  Online Adaptive Machine Learning Based Algorithm for Implied Volatility Surface Modeling , 2017, Knowl. Based Syst..

[210]  Pavel V. Sevastjanov,et al.  Stock screening with use of multiple criteria decision making and optimization , 2009 .

[211]  Dessislava A. Pachamanova,et al.  A robust optimization approach to asset-liability management under time-varying investment opportunities , 2013 .

[212]  Mar Arenas Parra,et al.  Socially Responsible Investment: A multicriteria approach to portfolio selection combining ethical and financial objectives , 2012, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[213]  Sudheer Chava,et al.  Modeling the Loss Distribution , 2011, Manag. Sci..

[214]  Jiří Witzany,et al.  Credit Risk Management: Pricing, Measurement, and Modeling , 2017 .

[215]  Ekrem Duman,et al.  A cost-sensitive decision tree approach for fraud detection , 2013, Expert Syst. Appl..

[216]  Tak Kuen Siu,et al.  Capital Requirements and Optimal Investment with Solvency Probability Constraints , 2014 .

[217]  Han Liu,et al.  A semiparametric graphical modelling approach for large-scale equity selection , 2016, Quantitative finance.

[218]  Jing He,et al.  MCLP-based methods for improving "Bad" catching rate in credit cardholder behavior analysis , 2008, Appl. Soft Comput..

[219]  Silvia Angilella,et al.  A credit risk model with an automatic override for innovative small and medium-sized enterprises , 2019, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[220]  B. Baesens,et al.  Benchmarking regression algorithms for loss given default modeling , 2012 .

[221]  M. Rockinger,et al.  Optimal Portfolio Allocation Under Higher Moments , 2004 .

[222]  T Bellotti,et al.  Credit scoring with macroeconomic variables using survival analysis , 2009, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[223]  Cemil Kuzey,et al.  Analyzing initial public offerings' short-term performance using decision trees and SVMs , 2015, Decis. Support Syst..

[224]  Judea Pearl,et al.  Bayesian Networks , 1998, Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining. 2nd Ed..

[225]  R. Mansini,et al.  A comparison of MAD and CVaR models with real features , 2008 .

[226]  David de la Fuente,et al.  European Exchange Trading Funds Trading with Locally Weighted Support Vector Regression , 2017, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[227]  Nuno Horta,et al.  Reinforcement learning applied to Forex trading , 2018, Appl. Soft Comput..

[228]  Panos M. Pardalos,et al.  Network Models in Economics and Finance , 2014 .

[229]  Kjersti Aas,et al.  Predicting mortgage default using convolutional neural networks , 2018, Expert Syst. Appl..

[230]  Jan Hendrik Witte,et al.  Deep Learning for Finance: Deep Portfolios , 2016 .

[231]  Constantin Zopounidis,et al.  A Multicriteria Outranking Modeling Approach for Credit Rating , 2011, Decis. Sci..

[232]  L. Thomas Consumer credit models , 2009 .

[233]  Rong Chen,et al.  Solving non-linear portfolio optimization problems with interval analysis , 2015, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[234]  Luis Fernando Zuluaga,et al.  Computing near-optimal Value-at-Risk portfolios using integer programming techniques , 2018, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[235]  Ralph E. Steuer,et al.  On the increasing importance of multiple criteria decision aid methods for portfolio selection , 2018, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[236]  Franco Archibugi,et al.  The ‘Programming Approach’ , 2019, The Programming Approach and the Demise of Economics.

[237]  Guigang Zhang,et al.  Deep Learning , 2016, Int. J. Semantic Comput..

[238]  P. Baumann,et al.  Optimal construction and rebalancing of index-tracking portfolios , 2018, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[239]  Hui Xiong,et al.  Instance-based credit risk assessment for investment decisions in P2P lending , 2016, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[240]  Constantin Zopounidis,et al.  IPSSIS: An integrated multicriteria decision support system for equity portfolio construction and selection , 2011, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[241]  Dimitris Bertsimas,et al.  Algorithm for cardinality-constrained quadratic optimization , 2009, Comput. Optim. Appl..

[242]  Jianping Li,et al.  An evolution strategy-based multiple kernels multi-criteria programming approach: The case of credit decision making , 2011, Decis. Support Syst..

[243]  Yi Cao,et al.  Wavelet-based option pricing: An empirical study , 2019, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[244]  S. Kiris,et al.  An integrated approach for stock evaluation and portfolio optimization , 2012 .

[245]  José Rui Figueira,et al.  A multicriteria outranking approach for modeling corporate credit ratings: An application of the Electre Tri-nC method , 2019, Omega.

[246]  Francisco Javier García Castellano,et al.  Expert Systems With Applications , 2022 .

[247]  Murat Köksalan,et al.  A multi-objective multi-period stochastic programming model for public debt management , 2010, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[248]  Ching-Chiang Yeh,et al.  A hybrid KMV model, random forests and rough set theory approach for credit rating , 2012, Knowl. Based Syst..

[249]  Constantin Zopounidis,et al.  Multicriteria Portfolio Management , 2012 .

[250]  S Palsbo,et al.  [Pension Fund]. , 1990, Sygeplejersken.

[251]  R. Rockafellar,et al.  Conditional Value-at-Risk for General Loss Distributions , 2001 .

[252]  Zeshui Xu,et al.  Sequential funding the venture project or not? A prospect consensus process with probabilistic hesitant fuzzy preference information , 2018, Knowl. Based Syst..

[253]  Song He,et al.  BNY Mellon Optimization Reduces Intraday Credit Risk by $1.4 Trillion , 2017, Interfaces.

[254]  X. Zhou,et al.  MEAN–VARIANCE PORTFOLIO OPTIMIZATION WITH STATE‐DEPENDENT RISK AVERSION , 2014 .

[255]  Steve Y. Yang,et al.  An adaptive portfolio trading system: A risk-return portfolio optimization using recurrent reinforcement learning with expected maximum drawdown , 2017, Expert Syst. Appl..

[256]  Theodore Syriopoulos,et al.  An integrated credit rating and loan quality model: application to bank shipping finance , 2015 .

[257]  Zhengxin Chen,et al.  A Multi-criteria Convex Quadratic Programming model for credit data analysis , 2008, Decis. Support Syst..

[258]  Constantin Zopounidis,et al.  Analytical Techniques in the Assessment of Credit Risk , 2019, EURO Advanced Tutorials on Operational Research.

[259]  Bart Baesens,et al.  Forecasting Loss Given Default models: impact of account characteristics and the macroeconomic state , 2014, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[260]  Ed Oates,et al.  Massively parallel processing , 1993 .

[261]  Enriqueta Vercher,et al.  A Possibilistic Mean-Downside Risk-Skewness Model for Efficient Portfolio Selection , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems.

[262]  Can Berk Kalayci,et al.  A survey of swarm intelligence for portfolio optimization: Algorithms and applications , 2018, Swarm Evol. Comput..

[263]  José Salvador Sánchez,et al.  Two-level classifier ensembles for credit risk assessment , 2012, Expert Syst. Appl..

[264]  Germán Creamer,et al.  Model calibration and automated trading agent for Euro futures , 2012 .

[265]  Stefan Feuerriegel,et al.  Long-term stock index forecasting based on text mining of regulatory disclosures , 2018, Decis. Support Syst..

[266]  Ha Young Kim,et al.  Forecasting the volatility of stock price index: A hybrid model integrating LSTM with multiple GARCH-type models , 2018, Expert Syst. Appl..

[267]  Wei Yan,et al.  Evolving robust GP solutions for hedge fund stock selection in emerging markets , 2007, GECCO '07.

[268]  Bart Baesens,et al.  Credit rating prediction using Ant Colony Optimization , 2010, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[269]  Paul Glasserman,et al.  Fast Simulation of Multifactor Portfolio Credit Risk , 2008, Oper. Res..

[270]  Giuseppe Carlo Calafiore,et al.  Multi-period portfolio optimization with linear control policies , 2008, Autom..

[271]  Miguel A. Lejeune,et al.  Stochastic portfolio optimization with proportional transaction costs: Convex reformulations and computational experiments , 2012, Oper. Res. Lett..

[272]  Jean-Philippe Vial,et al.  Robust Optimization , 2021, ICORES.

[273]  Jitka Dupacová,et al.  Robustness in stochastic programs with risk constraints , 2012, Ann. Oper. Res..

[274]  Sebastian Utz,et al.  Capital allocation in credit portfolios in a multi-period setting: a literature review and practical guidelines , 2015 .

[275]  J. M. Corcuera,et al.  On the Optimal Investment , 2016 .

[276]  Stjepan Oreski,et al.  Hybrid system with genetic algorithm and artificial neural networks and its application to retail credit risk assessment , 2012, Expert Syst. Appl..

[277]  Bart Baesens,et al.  The value of big data for credit scoring: Enhancing financial inclusion using mobile phone data and social network analytics , 2019, Appl. Soft Comput..

[278]  Tong-Seng Quah DJIA stock selection assisted by neural network , 2008, Expert Syst. Appl..

[279]  P. K. Viswanathan,et al.  Modeling asset allocation and liability composition for Indian banks , 2014 .

[280]  Andrew E. B. Lim,et al.  Machine Learning and Portfolio Optimization , 2018, Manag. Sci..

[281]  T. Tian,et al.  Development of stock correlation networks using mutual information and financial big data , 2018, PloS one.

[282]  Pavel V. Shevchenko,et al.  Modelling Operational Risk Using Bayesian Inference , 2011 .

[283]  Francisco Luna,et al.  Fuzzy techniques for IPO underpricing prediction , 2018, J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst..