Diagnosis and treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture.

This clinical practice guideline is based on a series of systematic reviews of published studies in the available literature on the diagnosis and treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture. None of the 16 recommendations made by the work group was graded as strong; most are graded inconclusive; four are graded weak; two are graded as moderate strength; and two are consensus statements. The two moderate-strength recommendations include the suggestions for early postoperative protective weight bearing and for the use of protective devices that allow for postoperative mobilization.

[1]  E. Ng,et al.  Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture Using a Double-Ended Needle , 2006, Journal of orthopaedic surgery.

[2]  M. Kakiuchi.  A combined open and percutaneous technique for repair of tendo Achillis. Comparison with open repair. , 1995, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume.

[3]  G. Gremion,et al.  A new conservative-dynamic treatment for the acute ruptured Achilles tendon , 2010, Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery.

[4]  S. Aktaş,et al.  End-to-end versus augmented repair in the treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures. , 2007, The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.

[5]  D. Cook,et al.  Systematic Reviews: Synthesis of Best Evidence for Clinical Decisions , 1997, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[6]  C. Stecco,et al.  The subcutaneous Achilles tendon rupture: comparison of three surgical techniques , 2004 .

[7]  N. Maffulli,et al.  No adverse effect of early weight bearing following open repair of acute tears of the Achilles tendon. , 2003, The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness.

[8]  M. Hämäläinen,et al.  Early functional treatment versus early immobilization in tension of the musculotendinous unit after Achilles rupture repair: a prospective, randomized, clinical study. , 2003, The Journal of trauma.

[9]  Jason Wong,et al.  Early Weightbearing and Ankle Mobilization after Open Repair of Acute Midsubstance Tears of the Achilles Tendon , 2003, The American journal of sports medicine.

[10]  P. Ohtonen,et al.  Augmented compared with nonaugmented surgical repair of a fresh total Achilles tendon rupture. A prospective randomized study. , 2009, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[11]  K. Dehaven,et al.  Functional Bracing for Rupture of the Achilles Tendon. Clinical Results and Analysis of Ground-Reaction Forces and Temporal Data* , 1997, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[12]  Xiao-Hua Zhou,et al.  Statistical Methods for Meta‐Analysis , 2008 .

[13]  M. Saleh,et al.  The Sheffield splint for controlled early mobilisation after rupture of the calcaneal tendon. A prospective, randomised comparison with plaster treatment. , 1992, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume.

[14]  U. Jørgensen,et al.  Operative versus nonoperative treatment of Achilles tendon rupture , 1993 .

[15]  J. Leppilahti,et al.  Incidence of Achilles tendon rupture. , 1996, Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica.

[16]  I. Hozo,et al.  Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample , 2005, BMC medical research methodology.

[17]  B. Brkljačić,et al.  Comparison of ultrasonographic and intraoperative findings in Achilles tendon rupture. , 2007, Collegium antropologicum.

[18]  S. Stea,et al.  Surgical Repair of Achilles Tendon Ruptures Using Polypropylene Braid Augmentation , 1994, Foot & ankle international.

[19]  H. Iwaso,et al.  A Modified Operation for Achilles Tendon Ruptures , 2007, American Journal of Sports Medicine.

[20]  P. Poon,et al.  Early Motion for Achilles Tendon Ruptures: Is Surgery Important? , 2007, The American journal of sports medicine.

[21]  N. Maffulli.  The Clinical Diagnosis of Subcutaneous Tear of the Achilles Tendon , 1998, The American journal of sports medicine.

[22]  R. Cetti.  A new treatment of ruptured Achilles tendons , 1994 .

[23]  M. Waseem,et al.  Percutaneous vs. Open Repair of the Ruptured Achilles Tendon—A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study , 2001, Foot & ankle international.

[24]  M. Tägil,et al.  Nonoperative treatment of Achilles tendon rupture , 2005, Acta orthopaedica.

[25]  Christian Krettek,et al.  Long-Term Results After Functional Nonoperative Treatment of Achilles Tendon Rupture , 2006, Foot & ankle international.

[26]  Jonathan R Treadwell,et al.  A system for rating the stability and strength of medical evidence , 2006, BMC medical research methodology.

[27]  C. Chillemi,et al.  Percutaneous repair of Achilles tendon rupture: ultrasonographical and isokinetic evaluation , 2002 .

[28]  N. Mortensen,et al.  Early motion of the ankle after operative treatment of a rupture of the Achilles tendon. A prospective, randomized clinical and radiographic study. , 1999, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[29]  L. Beaupre,et al.  The influence of early weight-bearing compared with non-weight-bearing after surgical repair of the Achilles tendon. , 2008, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[30]  W. Kernohan,et al.  Combined conservative and orthotic management of acute ruptures of the Achilles tendon. , 2004, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[31]  J. Gibson,et al.  Clinical and functional results of open operative repair for Achilles tendon rupture in a non-specialist surgical unit. , 2002, Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.

[32]  J. Karlsson,et al.  Acute rupture of tendon Achillis. A prospective randomised study of comparison between surgical and non-surgical treatment. , 2001, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume.

[33]  L. Shepstone,et al.  Randomised controlled trials of immediate weight-bearing mobilisation for rupture of the tendo Achillis. , 2006, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume.

[34]  B. Gerber,et al.  Mini-invasive surgical repair of the Achilles tendon—does it reduce post-operative morbidity? , 2009, International Orthopaedics.

[35]  S. Aktaş,et al.  Open versus minimal invasive repair with Achillon device. , 2009, Foot & ankle international.

[36]  A. Gigante,et al.  Open versus percutaneous repair in the treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture: a randomized prospective study , 2008, Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy.

[37]  B. Morrey.  Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture: Minimally Invasive Surgery Versus Nonoperative Treatment With Immediate Full Weightbearing – A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2009 .