SPECTRA AND HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE LIGHT CURVES OF SIX TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE AT 0.511 < z < 1.12 AND THE UNION2 COMPILATION

We report on work to increase the number of well-measured Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) at high redshifts. Light curves, including high signal-to-noise HST data, and spectra of six SNe Ia that were discovered during 2001 are presented. Additionally, for the two SNe with z > 1, we present groundbased J-band photometry from Gemini and the VLT. These are among the most distant SNe Ia for which ground based near-IR observations have been obtained. We add these six SNe Ia together with other data sets that have recently become available in the literature to the Union compilation (Kowalski et al. 2008). We have made a number of refinements to the Union analysis chain, the most important ones being the refitting of all light curves with the SALT2 fitter and an improved handling of systematic errors. We call this new compilation, consisting of 557 supernovae, the Union2

[1]  M. Raddick,et al.  The Fifth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey , 2007, 0707.3380.

[2]  M. S. Burns,et al.  Spectroscopic confirmation of high-redshift supernovae with the ESO VLT , 2004, astro-ph/0410506.

[3]  M. Strovink Diversity of Decline Rate-corrected Type Ia Supernova Rise Times: One Mode or Two? , 2007, 0705.0726.

[4]  Correcting for lensing bias in the Hubble diagram , 2002, astro-ph/0204280.

[5]  A. Goobar,et al.  Lensing Magnification of Supernovae in the GOODS Fields , 2005, astro-ph/0506765.

[6]  N. B. Suntzeff,et al.  Constraining Cosmic Evolution of Type Ia Supernovae , 2007, 0710.2338.

[7]  Kevin Krisciunas,et al.  THE CARNEGIE SUPERNOVA PROJECT: ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST SAMPLE OF LOW-REDSHIFT TYPE-Ia SUPERNOVAE , 2009, 0910.3317.

[8]  R. Kirshner,et al.  SN 2006bt: A PERPLEXING, TROUBLESOME, AND POSSIBLY MISLEADING TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA , 2009, 0912.0263.

[9]  T. Matheson,et al.  A SECOND CASE OF VARIABLE Na i D LINES IN A HIGHLY REDDENED TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA , 2008, 0811.0002.

[10]  Q-ball dynamics from atomic Bose?Einstein condensates , 2003, cond-mat/0304355.

[11]  Kevin Krisciunas,et al.  Optical and Near-Infrared Observations of the Highly Reddened, Rapidly Expanding Type Ia Supernova SN 2006X in M100 , 2007, 0708.0140.

[12]  M. Phillips,et al.  The High-Z Supernova Search: Measuring Cosmic Deceleration and Global Curvature of the Universe Using Type Ia Supernovae , 1998, astro-ph/9805200.

[13]  George H. Jacoby,et al.  What is better than an 8192x8192 CCD Mosaic imager: two Mosaic wide-field imagers, one for KPNO and one for CTIO , 1998, Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation.

[14]  M. Phillips,et al.  The Absolute Magnitudes of Type IA Supernovae , 1993 .

[15]  Adam G. Riess,et al.  Twenty-Three High-Redshift Supernovae from the Institute for Astronomy Deep Survey: Doubling the Supernova Sample at z > 0.7 , 2004 .

[16]  W. M. Wood-Vasey,et al.  Measurement of Ωm, ΩΛ from a Blind Analysis of Type Ia Supernovae with CMAGIC: Using Color Information to Verify the Acceleration of the Universe , 2006, astro-ph/0602411.

[17]  A. S. Fruchter,et al.  Drizzle: A Method for the Linear Reconstruction of Undersampled Images , 1998 .

[18]  Jihn E. Kim,et al.  Completing natural inflation , 2004, hep-ph/0409138.

[19]  E. Linder Exploring the expansion history of the universe. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[20]  P. Chandra,et al.  Detection of Circumstellar Material in a Normal Type Ia Supernova , 2007, Science.

[21]  R. Ellis,et al.  A Supernova at z = 0.458 and Implications for Measuring theCosmological Deceleration , 1993, astro-ph/9505023.

[22]  Gerson Goldhaber,et al.  Multicolor Light Curves of Type Ia Supernovae on the Color-Magnitude Diagram: A Novel Step toward More Precise Distance and Extinction Estimates , 2003, astro-ph/0302341.

[23]  Matts Roos,et al.  MINUIT-a system for function minimization and analysis of the parameter errors and correlations , 1984 .

[24]  Paolo Conconi,et al.  Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series , 2012 .

[25]  R. Nichol,et al.  Detection of the Baryon Acoustic Peak in the Large-Scale Correlation Function of SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies , 2005, astro-ph/0501171.

[26]  A. Aguirre Intergalactic Dust and Observations of Type Ia Supernovae , 1999, astro-ph/9904319.

[27]  R. P. Butler,et al.  VARIABLE SODIUM ABSORPTION IN A LOW-EXTINCTION TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA, , 2009, 0907.1083.

[28]  D. Schlegel,et al.  Maps of Dust IR Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and CMBR Foregrounds , 1997, astro-ph/9710327.

[29]  M. Wagner,et al.  AN INTENSIVE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE SURVEY FOR z>1 TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE BY TARGETING GALAXY CLUSTERS , 2009, 0908.3928.

[30]  Nicholas B. Suntzeff,et al.  The Hubble diagram of the Calan/Tololo type IA supernovae and the value of HO , 1996 .

[31]  N. B. Suntzeff,et al.  Observational Constraints on the Nature of Dark Energy: First Cosmological Results from the ESSENCE Supernova Survey , 2007, astro-ph/0701041.

[32]  R. Ellis,et al.  Measurements of $\Omega$ and $\Lambda$ from 42 high redshift supernovae , 1998, astro-ph/9812133.

[33]  Wendy L. Freedman,et al.  The Carnegie Supernova Project: The Low‐Redshift Survey , 2005, astro-ph/0512039.

[34]  H. Epps,et al.  ESI, a New Keck Observatory Echellette Spectrograph and Imager , 2002, astro-ph/0204297.

[35]  The Charge‐Transfer Efficiency and Calibration of WFPC2 , 2000, astro-ph/0006237.

[36]  Arlo U. Landolt,et al.  UBVRI Photometric Standard Stars in the Magnitude Range 11 , 1992 .

[37]  Limiting the dimming of distant Type Ia supernovae , 2004, astro-ph/0410501.

[38]  Safety in Numbers: Gravitational Lensing Degradation of the Luminosity Distance-Redshift Relation , 2004, astro-ph/0412173.

[39]  Stefano Casertano,et al.  Type Ia Supernova Discoveries at z > 1 from the Hubble Space Telescope: Evidence for Past Deceleration and Constraints on Dark Energy Evolution , 2004, astro-ph/0402512.

[40]  M. S. Burns,et al.  CONSTRAINING DUST AND COLOR VARIATIONS OF HIGH-z SNe USING NICMOS ON THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE , 2009, 0906.4318.

[41]  Mamoru Doi,et al.  THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY-II: PHOTOMETRY AND SUPERNOVA IA LIGHT CURVES FROM THE 2005 DATA , 2008, 0908.4277.

[42]  J. Wheeler,et al.  Type Ia Supernovae: Influence of the Initial Composition on the Nucleosynthesis, Light Curves, and Spectra and Consequences for the Determination of ΩM and Λ , 1997, astro-ph/9709233.

[43]  M. Sullivan,et al.  SALT2: using distant supernovae to improve the use of type Ia supernovae as distance indicators , 2007, astro-ph/0701828.

[44]  23 High Redshift Supernovae from the IfA Deep Survey: Doubling the SN Sample at z>0.7 , 2003, astro-ph/0310843.

[45]  Nicholas B. Suntzeff,et al.  An Atlas of Spectrophotometric Landolt Standard Stars , 2005, astro-ph/0504244.

[46]  A. S. Fruchter,et al.  Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Light Curves , 2001, astro-ph/0104382.

[47]  Mamoru Doi,et al.  New Constraints on ΩM, ΩΛ, and w from an Independent Set of 11 High-Redshift Supernovae Observed with the Hubble Space Telescope , 2003 .

[48]  Ralph C. Bohlin Photometric Calibration of the ACS CCD Cameras , 2007 .

[49]  C. Alard Image subtraction using a space-varying kernel , 2000 .

[50]  N. B. Suntzeff,et al.  The ESSENCE Supernova Survey: Survey Optimization, Observations, and Supernova Photometry , 2007, astro-ph/0701043.

[51]  J. Krist The Tiny Tim User’s Guide , 2004 .

[52]  James W. Beletic,et al.  Commissioning of a 4Kx4K CCD mosaic and the new ESO FIERA CCD controller at the SUSI-2 imager of the NTT , 1998, Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation.

[53]  Edwin A. Valentijn,et al.  The Future of Photometric, Spectrophotometric and Polarimetric Standardization , 2007 .

[54]  I. Hook,et al.  Light curves of five type Ia supernovae at intermediate redshift , 2007, 0711.1375.

[55]  Peter B. Stetson,et al.  Homogeneous Photometry for Star Clusters and Resolved Galaxies. II. Photometric Standard Stars , 2000 .

[56]  A. Goobar,et al.  Measuring the properties of extragalactic dust and implications for the hubble diagram , 2002, astro-ph/0201012.

[57]  J. Neill,et al.  Gemini Spectroscopy of Supernovae from the Supernova Legacy Survey: Improving High-Redshift Supernova Selection and Classification , 2005, astro-ph/0509195.

[58]  Mark Sullivan,et al.  Predicted and Observed Evolution in the Mean Properties of Type Ia Supernovae with Redshift , 2007 .

[59]  Klaus W. Hodapp,et al.  The Gemini Near‐Infrared Imager (NIRI) , 2003 .

[60]  Ernest E. Croner,et al.  The Palomar Transient Factory: System Overview, Performance, and First Results , 2009, 0906.5350.

[61]  P. Nugent,et al.  Metallicity Effects in Non-LTE Model Atmospheres of Type Ia Supernovae , 1999, astro-ph/9906016.

[62]  Armin Rest,et al.  CfA3: 185 TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA LIGHT CURVES FROM THE CfA , 2009, 0901.4787.

[63]  J. Mathis,et al.  The relationship between infrared, optical, and ultraviolet extinction , 1989 .

[64]  P. Nugent,et al.  K‐Corrections and Extinction Corrections for Type Ia Supernovae , 2002, astro-ph/0205351.

[65]  S. E. Persson,et al.  A New System of Faint Near-Infrared Standard Stars , 1998 .

[66]  M. Sullivan,et al.  SiFTO: An Empirical Method for Fitting SN Ia Light Curves , 2008, 0803.3441.

[67]  Kevin Krisciunas,et al.  Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Nine High-Redshift ESSENCE Supernovae,, , 2005, astro-ph/0508681.

[68]  Alexander S. Szalay,et al.  Baryon Acoustic Oscillations in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 Galaxy Sample , 2009, 0907.1660.

[69]  R. Ellis,et al.  Measurements of the cosmological parameters omega and lambda from the first seven supernovae at z greater than or equal to 0.35 , 1996, astro-ph/9608192.

[70]  William Press,et al.  A Precise Distance Indicator: Type Ia Supernova Multicolor Light-Curve Shapes , 1996, astro-ph/9604143.

[71]  A. Goobar,et al.  The colour-lightcurve shape relation of type Ia supernovae and the reddening law , 2007, 0712.1155.

[72]  Peter Garnavich,et al.  Cosmological Results from High-z Supernovae , 2003, astro-ph/0305008.

[73]  R. Lupton,et al.  A Method for Optimal Image Subtraction , 1997, astro-ph/9712287.

[74]  G. Richards,et al.  Lensing, reddening and extinction effects of Mg ii absorbers from z= 0.4 to 2 , 2007, 0706.0898.

[75]  R. Ellis,et al.  Discovery of a supernova explosion at half the age of the Universe , 1997, Nature.

[76]  Stefano Casertano,et al.  A REDETERMINATION OF THE HUBBLE CONSTANT WITH THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE FROM A DIFFERENTIAL DISTANCE LADDER , 2009, 0905.0695.

[77]  Harland W. Epps,et al.  THE KECK LOW-RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTROMETER , 1995 .

[78]  M. Sullivan,et al.  SUPERNOVA CONSTRAINTS AND SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTIES FROM THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF THE SUPERNOVA LEGACY SURVEY , 2011, 1104.1443.

[79]  Lifan Wang Dust around Type Ia Supernovae , 2005 .

[80]  I. Hook,et al.  Subaru FOCAS Spectroscopic Observations of High-Redshift Supernovae , 2009, 0911.1258.

[81]  Parametrization of dark-energy properties: a principal-component approach. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[82]  D. Hayes,et al.  Calibration of Fundamental Stellar Quantities , 1985 .

[83]  K. Dawson,et al.  A New Determination of the High-Redshift Type Ia Supernova Rates with the Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys , 2007, 0710.3120.

[84]  M. Phillips,et al.  Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant , 1998, astro-ph/9805201.

[85]  R. Ellis,et al.  Verifying the Cosmological Utility of Type Ia Supernovae: Implications of a Dispersion in the Ultraviolet Spectra , 2007, 0710.3896.

[86]  Jay Anderson,et al.  An Improved Distortion Solution for the Hubble Space Telescope’s WFPC2 , 2002 .

[87]  Stefano Casertano,et al.  New Hubble Space Telescope Discoveries of Type Ia Supernovae at z ≥ 1: Narrowing Constraints on the Early Behavior of Dark Energy , 2006, astro-ph/0611572.

[88]  M. Sullivan,et al.  Photometric calibration of the Supernova Legacy Survey fields , 2006, astro-ph/0610397.

[89]  R. Miquel,et al.  Optimal Extraction of Cosmological Information from Supernova Data in the Presence of Calibration Uncertainties , 2005, astro-ph/0508252.

[90]  Ralph C. Bohlin,et al.  Hubble Space Telescope Absolute Spectrophotometry of Vega from the Far-Ultraviolet to the Infrared , 2004 .

[91]  et al,et al.  UBVRI Light Curves of 44 Type Ia Supernovae , 2005 .

[92]  Adam G. Riess,et al.  BVRI Light Curves for 22 Type Ia Supernovae , 1998 .

[93]  P. Astier,et al.  SALT : a spectral adaptive light curve template for type Ia supernovae , 2005 .

[94]  P. Greenfield,et al.  INSTRUMENT SCIENCE REPORT , 1995 .

[95]  N. B. Suntzeff,et al.  Supernova Limits on the Cosmic Equation of State , 1998, astro-ph/9806396.

[96]  D. Schlegel,et al.  Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds , 1998 .

[97]  Spectra of high-redshift type Ia supernovae and a comparison with their low-redshift counterparts , 2005, astro-ph/0509041.

[98]  M. Fukugita,et al.  The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Photometric System , 1996 .

[99]  J. Vanderplas,et al.  FIRST-YEAR SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY-II SUPERNOVA RESULTS: HUBBLE DIAGRAM AND COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS , 2009, 0908.4274.

[100]  William W. Hager,et al.  Updating the Inverse of a Matrix , 1989, SIAM Rev..

[101]  Adam G. Riess,et al.  Improved Distances to Type Ia Supernovae with Multicolor Light-Curve Shapes: MLCS2k2 , 2006 .

[102]  Ariel Goobar,et al.  Low RV from Circumstellar Dust around Supernovae , 2008, 0809.1094.

[103]  M. Sasaki The magnitude-redshift relation in a perturbed Friedmann universe , 1987 .

[104]  S. Okamura,et al.  Subaru Prime Focus Camera — Suprime-Cam , 2002, astro-ph/0211006.

[105]  Armin Rest,et al.  IMPROVED DARK ENERGY CONSTRAINTS FROM ∼100 NEW CfA SUPERNOVA TYPE Ia LIGHT CURVES , 2009, 0901.4804.

[106]  W. M. Wood-Vasey,et al.  Improved Cosmological Constraints from New, Old, and Combined Supernova Data Sets , 2008, 0804.4142.

[107]  Andrew E. Dolphin,et al.  A Revised Characterization of the WFPC2 CTE Loss , 2009, 0906.3557.