The Effects of Distance Education on K-12 Student Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis.

4 Introduction 5 Distance Education in the K–12 Context 5 Characteristics for Success 6 Teaching and Learning Theory 7 Purpose of the Study 8 Method 10 Location and Selection of Studies 11 Limitations of the Review 13 Coding of Study Features 13 Calculation of Effect Sizes 14 Statistical Analysis of Effect Sizes 15 Results 15 Characteristics of the Study 15 Overall Effects on K–12 Distance Education 16 Publication and Methodological Variables 18 Distance Education Variables 18 Instructional and Program Variables 19 Discussion 19 Implications for Research and Practice 19 Conclusions 21 The Need for Prospective Study in Virtual Schooling 22 Recommendations for K–12 Online Learning Policy and Practice 23 References 26 Appendix: Coded Variables and Study Features in the Codebook 32

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