Fundamentals of Holographic Sensing

Optical devices that reversibly respond to external stimuli can provide fast, quantitative, visual colorimetric readouts in real-time. They may consist of bioactive recognition elements that can transmit the signal through a transducer embedded within the system. Responsive photonic structures may have applications in chemical, biological and physical sensors for medical diagnostics, veterinary screening, environmental monitoring, pharmaceutical bioassays, optomechanical sensing and security applications. This chapter provides an overview of the fabrication of optical devices, and highlights holography as a practical approach for the rapid construction of optical sensors that operate in the visible spectrum and near infrared. It begins with describing the fundamentals of holography and origins of holographic sensors. The chapter also explains the principle of operation of these devices and discusses the design parameters that affect the readouts. The principles of laser light interference during sensor fabrication and photochemical patterning are discussed. Furthermore, computational readout simulations of a generic holographic sensor through a finite element method are demonstrated. Studied design parameters include optical effects due to lattice spacing, nanoparticle (NP) size and concentration, number of stacks, their distribution, and lattice deficiencies within the sensor. Computational simulations allow designing holographic sensors with predictive optical characteristics.

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