Detection of Glyphosate Resistance Gene EPSPS in Different Fodders

Despite the controversy over GM food and feed, these products are still on the market. Iraqi Biosafety Law had not yet come into force and no law has so far been enacted on the labeling of genetically modified food and feed. To our knowledge there is no available quantitative data on the prevalence of GM crops in feeds in Iraq. The aim of the present study was to detect the presence of GMO feeds by PCR based method. Five fodder kinds from various markets in Iraq were chosen as materials. Feed1 (seed mixture; including safflower, flax, millet with colorful protein supplements), feed 2 which feed crushed, feed 3 (seeds mixture; including wheat, corn, sorghum and sunflower), feed 4 which is grain mixture with main barley seeds and feed 5 which is a fodder pellet. The screening of all samples was performed using the primers for Chloroplast rbcL (internal control), CaMV35S promoter, NOS terminator, Cry1Ac and EPSPS genes. The study proved the existence of genetic modification in all samples. For confirmation procedures the amplified fragments corresponding to the EPSPS were verified by sequencing.

[1]  Z. Nikolić,et al.  Detection of Genetically Modified Soya, Maize, and Rice in Vegetarian and Healthy Food Products in Serbia , 2018 .

[2]  O. Cakir,et al.  Detection of genetically modified organisms in soy products sold in Turkish market , 2014 .

[3]  O. Cakir,et al.  Detection of genetically modified maize and soybean in feed samples. , 2014, Genetics and molecular research : GMR.

[4]  L. Chalak,et al.  First comprehensive GMOs testing in Lebanon: Screening, identification and quantification of GM soybean imports , 2014 .

[5]  F. Al-Salameen,et al.  Detection of genetically modified DNA in fresh and processed foods sold in Kuwait. , 2012, GM crops & food.

[6]  S. Herzallah Detection of genetically modified material in feed and foodstuffs containing soy and maize in Jordan , 2012 .

[7]  J. Premanandh,et al.  Prevalence of genetically modified foods (GM foods) in the United Arab Emirates , 2012 .

[8]  I. Altosaar,et al.  Pyramiding of modified cry1Ab and cry1Ac genes of Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) for improved resistance to pod borer insect Helicoverpa armigera , 2011, Euphytica.

[9]  T. J. Jong General surveillance of genetically modified plants in the EC and the need for controls , 2010, Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit.

[10]  Rolando Perez,et al.  Plant DNA barcodes and a community phylogeny of a tropical forest dynamics plot in Panama , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[11]  Arne Holst-Jensen,et al.  Testing for genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Past, present and future perspectives. , 2009, Biotechnology advances.

[12]  S. Deo,et al.  Should genetically modified foods be abandoned on the basis of allergenicity? , 2008, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[13]  G. Randhawa,et al.  Detection of transgenes in genetically modified soybean and maize using polymerase chain reaction , 2006 .

[14]  P. Stewart,et al.  Trends affecting the next generation of U.S. agricultural biotechnology: Politics, policy, and plant-made pharmaceuticals , 2005 .

[15]  Kathy Messens,et al.  Evaluation and optimisation of five different extraction methods for soy DNA in chocolate and biscuits. Extraction of DNA as a first step in GMO analysis , 2004 .

[16]  Margaret J. Green,et al.  Detection and quantification of roundup ready soy in foods by conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction. , 2004, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[17]  H Schimmel,et al.  Detection and traceability of genetically modified organisms in the food production chain. , 2004, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[18]  Arne Holst-Jensen,et al.  PCR technology for screening and quantification of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) , 2003, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[19]  Farid E Ahmed,et al.  Detection of genetically modified organisms in foods. , 2002, Trends in biotechnology.

[20]  Markus Lipp,et al.  Validation of a method based on polymerase chain reaction for the detection of genetically modified organisms in various processed foodstuffs , 2001 .

[21]  Daniell,et al.  GM crops: public perception and scientific solutions. , 1999, Trends in plant science.

[22]  P. Dale R & D regulation and field trialling of transgenic crops , 1995 .

[23]  Ö. A. Sönmezoğlu,et al.  Determination of genetically modified corn and soy in processed food products , 2015 .

[24]  Z. Nikolić,et al.  Detection of genetically modified crops in animal feed in Serbia. , 2014 .

[25]  R. Rahim,et al.  Detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) using molecular techniques in food and feed samples from Malaysia and Vietnam , 2008 .

[26]  J. Pires,et al.  Family-level relationships of Onagraceae based on chloroplast rbcL and ndhF data. , 2003, American journal of botany.

[27]  Elke Anklam,et al.  Analytical methods for detection and determination of genetically modified organisms in agricultural crops and plant-derived food products , 2002 .

[28]  T. A. Hall,et al.  BIOEDIT: A USER-FRIENDLY BIOLOGICAL SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT EDITOR AND ANALYSIS PROGRAM FOR WINDOWS 95/98/ NT , 1999 .