Development of an Acculturative Stress Scale for International Students: Preliminary Findings

Description of the development and testing of a new 36-item scale in Likert format, designed to assess the acculturative stress of international students, includes perceived discrimination, homesickness, fear, guilt, perceived hatred, and stress due to change (cultural shock), identified as major contributing factors. The psychometric properties of this instrument and implications for use by mental health practitioners are discussed.

[1]  A. Furnham,et al.  The Friendship Patterns of Overseas and Host Students in an Oxford Student Residence , 1985 .

[2]  D. Sandhu An examination of the psychological needs of the international students: Implications for counselling and psythotherapy , 1994 .

[3]  C. Siegel Counseling International Students , 1991 .

[4]  D. H. Kelly,et al.  Research on Foreign Students and International Study: An Overview and Bibliography , 1985 .

[5]  M. Zikopoulos Open Doors 1990/91: Report on International Educational Exchange. , 1991 .

[6]  Kathryn J. Lindholm,et al.  Generational Status and Personality Factors as Predictors of Stress in Students , 1986 .

[7]  R. C. Day,et al.  Delivering Counseling Services to International Students: The Experience of the American University of Beirut. , 1986 .

[8]  B. Walton Research on Foreign Graduate Students. , 1971 .

[9]  P. Pedersen Counseling International Students , 1991 .

[10]  W. Vega,et al.  Migration and Mental Health: An Empirical Test of Depression Risk Factors among Immigrant Mexican Women 1 , 1987, The International migration review.

[11]  H. Kaiser An index of factorial simplicity , 1974 .

[12]  J. Shute,et al.  The adaptation of foreign students: Student views and institutional implications. , 1986 .

[13]  I. Owie Social Alienation among Foreign Students. , 1982 .

[14]  P. Lauver,et al.  Alienation in International Students. , 1988 .

[15]  W. Dillon Copia Rerum , 1993 .

[16]  Jeanne E. Manese Needs and Perceptions of Female and Male International Undergraduate Students. Research Report #10-84. , 1984 .

[17]  Tsai Hsiao-Ying,et al.  Sojourner Adjustment , 1995 .

[18]  Josef A. Mestenhauser 7 – Learning from Sojourners , 1983 .

[19]  J. Spradley,et al.  Culture and Stress: A Quantitative Analysis1 , 1972 .

[20]  S. Spaulding The World's students in the United States: A review and evaluation of research on foreign students , 1976 .

[21]  D. Bois.,et al.  Foreign Students and Higher Education in the United States , 1958 .

[22]  Paul Pedersen,et al.  A handbook for developing multicultural awareness , 1988 .

[23]  A. Furnham,et al.  THE FRIENDSHIP NETWORKS OF FOREIGN-STUDENTS - A REPLICATION AND EXTENSION OF THE FUNCTIONAL-MODEL , 1985 .

[24]  A. Padilla,et al.  Acculturative Stress and Specific Coping Strategies among Immigrant and Later Generation College Students , 1987 .

[25]  T. Blegen Counseling foreign students , 1950 .

[26]  Thomas R. Anderson,et al.  Presenting problems, counselor contacts, and "no shows": International and American college students. , 1985 .

[27]  P. Pedersen Counseling Across Cultures , 1976 .

[28]  P. Altbach,et al.  Foreign Students and International Study: Bibliography and Analysis, 1984-1988 , 1989 .

[29]  J. Dillard,et al.  Counseling the International Student in a Multicultural Context. , 1983 .

[30]  J. B. Cole,et al.  Foreign student syndrome: fact or fable? , 1987, Journal of American college health : J of ACH.

[31]  M. Naditch,et al.  Role stress, personality, and psychopathology in a group of immigrant adolescents. , 1976, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[32]  Munir Fasheh Foreign students in the United States: An enriching experience or a wasteful one? , 1984 .

[33]  Harold J. Burbach The Development of a Contextual Measure of Alienation , 1972 .