A history of the Promis technology: an effective human interface

Scientific computing systems for individuals were pioneered early at Hewlett-Packard, beginning with the 9100A Desktop Calculator in 1968. Extensions of this first machine were soon seen in Personal Peripherals, such as Printers, Tape Cartridges, and Plotters, and followed by Graphic CRT Displays. By early 1972, the Desktop unit had been augmented by a very powerful Pocket Calculator, the ground-breaking HP 35A. This paper traces the evolution of these machines to the present day, following four main themes: 1. Scientific Desktop Computers; 2. Personal Calculators and Portable Computers; 3. Personal Peripherals; and 4. Personal Business Computers. The underlying technologies are described, as well as the product definitions and the market development. The company organization is described in some detail, since it appears both unorthodox in the industry and particularly appropriate for certain elements of the accomplishments. Some of the key people will be highlighted for their personal contributions, but the theme will revolve rather around the Team structure that seems responsible for the continued success in many of these product sectors. The paper concludes with considerations about two corollary impacts of this pioneering effort: 1. The development of Data-Domain design and test methodologies; and 2. The impact of Pocket Calculators on the mathematical skills and procedures of our society.