Toward a generate/recognize model of performance on direct and indirect tests of memory ☆

Abstract In two experiments, we compared performance on different tests of memory. Word stems were presented to be completed as an indirect test of memory. For a direct test of memory, the same stems were presented as cues for recall of earlier-presented words. Subjects in a generate/recognize test condition generated a completion for each word stem and then judged whether the generated word was presented earlier. Interactions between test conditions and a prior processing, and a materials variable were successfully predicted by a generate/recognize model of recall that postulates two bases for memory decisions. Cuedrecall differs from stem-completion performance in that recognition processes are involved in the former but not the latter task. However, subjects do sometimes output words as recalled without doing a recognition-memory check. This failure to reliably do a recognition check results in recall of unrecognized words.

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