Assembly of kinetochores in vertebrate cells.

The centromere is a specialized region of each chromosome that is essential for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotic cells. Centromeres are the site at which kinetochores are formed. The kinetochore is responsible for microtubule binding and chromosome movement. In this review, I will focus on recent advances in our understanding of centromere DNAs as sites for kinetochore assembly and the mechanism underlying kinetochore assembly in vertebrate cells.

[1]  W. Earnshaw,et al.  Co‐localization of centromere activity, proteins and topoisomerase II within a subdomain of the major human X α‐satellite array , 2002, The EMBO journal.

[2]  E. Nigg,et al.  Role of Hec1 in Spindle Checkpoint Signaling and Kinetochore Recruitment of Mad1/Mad2 , 2002, Science.

[3]  B. Samuelsson,et al.  Dicer is required for chromosome segregation and gene silencing in fission yeast cells , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[4]  W. Earnshaw,et al.  The cellular geography of Aurora kinases , 2003, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[5]  S. Henikoff,et al.  The histone variant H3.3 marks active chromatin by replication-independent nucleosome assembly. , 2002, Molecular cell.

[6]  W. Earnshaw,et al.  CENP-C is required for maintaining proper kinetochore size and for a timely transition to anaphase. , 1994 .

[7]  D. Compton,et al.  Identification of novel centromere/kinetochore-associated proteins using monoclonal antibodies generated against human mitotic chromosome scaffolds , 1991, The Journal of cell biology.

[8]  S. Schwartz,et al.  Identification of centromeric antigens in dicentric Robertsonian translocations: CENP-C and CENP-E are necessary components of functional centromeres. , 1995, Human molecular genetics.

[9]  H. Masumoto,et al.  CENP-B box is required for de novo centromere chromatin assembly on human alphoid DNA , 2002, The Journal of cell biology.

[10]  J. Kilmartin,et al.  The Ndc80p Complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Contains Conserved Centromere Components and Has a Function in Chromosome Segregation , 2001, The Journal of cell biology.

[11]  T. Ikemura,et al.  CENP‐H, a constitutive centromere component, is required for centromere targeting of CENP‐C in vertebrate cells , 2001, The EMBO journal.

[12]  H. Masumoto,et al.  Construction of YAC–based mammalian artificial chromosomes , 1998, Nature Biotechnology.

[13]  E. Salmon,et al.  Nuf2 and Hec1 Are Required for Retention of the Checkpoint Proteins Mad1 and Mad2 to Kinetochores , 2003, Current Biology.

[14]  Gary H Karpen,et al.  Conserved organization of centromeric chromatin in flies and humans. , 2002, Developmental cell.

[15]  R. Margolis,et al.  A 17-kD centromere protein (CENP-A) copurifies with nucleosome core particles and with histones , 1987, The Journal of cell biology.

[16]  H. Kimura,et al.  Dynamic behavior of Nuf2-Hec1 complex that localizes to the centrosome and centromere and is essential for mitotic progression in vertebrate cells , 2003, Journal of Cell Science.

[17]  W. Brown,et al.  Efficient conditional mutation of the vertebrate CENP-C gene. , 1997, Human molecular genetics.

[18]  Tony Kouzarides,et al.  cis-Acting DNA from Fission Yeast Centromeres Mediates Histone H3 Methylation and Recruitment of Silencing Factors and Cohesin to an Ectopic Site , 2002, Current Biology.

[19]  H. Willard,et al.  Formation of de novo centromeres and construction of first-generation human artificial microchromosomes , 1997, Nature Genetics.

[20]  J. R. Daum,et al.  Mammalian p55CDC Mediates Association of the Spindle Checkpoint Protein Mad2 with the Cyclosome/Anaphase-promoting Complex, and is Involved in Regulating Anaphase Onset and Late Mitotic Events , 1998, The Journal of cell biology.

[21]  M. Yanagida,et al.  A cell cycle-regulated GATA factor promotes centromeric localization of CENP-A in fission yeast. , 2003, Molecular cell.

[22]  L. Hartwell,et al.  MIF2 is required for mitotic spindle integrity during anaphase spindle elongation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 1993, The Journal of cell biology.

[23]  Anna Shevchenko,et al.  The budding yeast proteins Spc24p and Spc25p interact with Ndc80p and Nuf2p at the kinetochore and are important for kinetochore clustering and checkpoint control , 2001, The EMBO journal.

[24]  P. Sorger,et al.  Centromeric Chromatin and Epigenetic Effects in Kinetochore Assembly , 1998, Cell.

[25]  K. Yoda,et al.  Human CENP-I specifies localization of CENP-F, MAD1 and MAD2 to kinetochores and is essential for mitosis , 2003, Nature Cell Biology.

[26]  T. Ikemura,et al.  CENP-I is essential for centromere function in vertebrate cells. , 2002, Developmental cell.

[27]  T. Fukagawa,et al.  CENP‐C is necessary but not sufficient to induce formation of a functional centromere , 1999, The EMBO journal.

[28]  H. Masumoto,et al.  Human CENP-H multimers colocalize with CENP-A and CENP-C at active centromere--kinetochore complexes. , 2000, Human molecular genetics.

[29]  K. Todokoro,et al.  Characterization of a Novel Kinetochore Protein, CENP-H* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[30]  Gary H. Karpen,et al.  Determining centromere identity: cyclical stories and forking paths , 2001, Nature Reviews Genetics.

[31]  K. Choo,et al.  Targeted disruption of mouse centromere protein C gene leads to mitotic disarray and early embryo death. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[32]  M. Lipinski,et al.  HIRA is critical for a nucleosome assembly pathway independent of DNA synthesis. , 2002, Molecular cell.

[33]  W. Earnshaw,et al.  Mammalian centromeres: DNA sequence, protein composition, and role in cell cycle progression. , 1999, Experimental cell research.

[34]  E. Tan,et al.  Autoantibody to centromere (kinetochore) in scleroderma sera. , 1980, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[35]  W. Earnshaw,et al.  The Centromere: Hub of Chromosomal Activities , 1995, Science.

[36]  M. Yanagida,et al.  Requirement of Mis6 centromere connector for localizing a CENP-A-like protein in fission yeast. , 2000, Science.

[37]  Trisha N Davis,et al.  Ctf3p, the Mis6 budding yeast homolog, interacts with Mcm22p and Mcm16p at the yeast outer kinetochore. , 2002, Genes & development.

[38]  Ira M. Hall,et al.  RNA interference machinery regulates chromosome dynamics during mitosis and meiosis in fission yeast , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[39]  Ira M. Hall,et al.  Regulation of Heterochromatic Silencing and Histone H3 Lysine-9 Methylation by RNAi , 2002, Science.

[40]  G. Karpen,et al.  The role of Drosophila CID in kinetochore formation, cell-cycle progression and heterochromatin interactions , 2001, Nature Cell Biology.

[41]  G. Goshima,et al.  Human centromere chromatin protein hMis12, essential for equal segregation, is independent of CENP-A loading pathway , 2003, The Journal of cell biology.

[42]  K. Sullivan,et al.  A solid foundation: functional specialization of centromeric chromatin. , 2001, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[43]  K. Choo,et al.  Early disruption of centromeric chromatin organization in centromere protein A (Cenpa) null mice. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[44]  R. Allshire,et al.  Stretching it: putting the CEN(P-A) in centromere. , 2003, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[45]  G. Gorbsky,et al.  Rapid microtubule-independent dynamics of Cdc20 at kinetochores and centrosomes in mammalian cells , 2002, The Journal of cell biology.

[46]  G. Karpen,et al.  The case for epigenetic effects on centromere identity and function. , 1997, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[47]  W. Earnshaw,et al.  CENP-C, an autoantigen in scleroderma, is a component of the human inner kinetochore plate , 1992, Cell.

[48]  H. Masumoto,et al.  A human centromere antigen (CENP-B) interacts with a short specific sequence in alphoid DNA, a human centromeric satellite , 1989, The Journal of cell biology.

[49]  S. Henikoff,et al.  Conflict begets complexity: the evolution of centromeres. , 2002, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[50]  G. Goshima,et al.  Proper metaphase spindle length is determined by centromere proteins Mis12 and Mis6 required for faithful chromosome segregation. , 1999, Genes & development.

[51]  D. Koshland,et al.  Evidence that the MIF2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a centromere protein with homology to the mammalian centromere protein CENP-C. , 1995, Molecular biology of the cell.

[52]  K. Choo,et al.  Centromere Protein B Null Mice are Mitotically and Meiotically Normal but Have Lower Body and Testis Weights , 1998, Journal of Cell Biology.

[53]  Bert Vogelstein,et al.  Mutations of mitotic checkpoint genes in human cancers , 1998, Nature.

[54]  W. Earnshaw,et al.  Identification of overlapping DNA-binding and centromere-targeting domains in the human kinetochore protein CENP-C , 1996, Molecular and cellular biology.

[55]  M. Yanagida,et al.  Mis6, a Fission Yeast Inner Centromere Protein, Acts during G1/S and Forms Specialized Chromatin Required for Equal Segregation , 1997, Cell.

[56]  K. Sullivan,et al.  Assembly of CENP-A into Centromeric Chromatin Requires a Cooperative Array of Nucleosomal DNA Contact Sites , 1997, The Journal of cell biology.

[57]  T. Volpe,et al.  RNA interference is required for normal centromere function infission yeast , 2004, Chromosome Research.