Characteristics of systematic errors in the BDS Hatch–Melbourne–Wübbena combination and its influence on wide-lane ambiguity resolution

The Hatch–Melbourne–Wübbena (HMW) combination is a geometry-free and ionospheric-free (first-order) function that has been widely used for cycle slip detection and ambiguity resolution in GNSS dual-frequency data processing. We investigate the characteristics of HMW combinations for BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) observations for different types of satellites. We first study the characteristics of BDS undifferenced (UD) HMW combinations. Obvious systematic errors are found on BDS UD HMW combinations. The characteristics of single-differenced (SD) and double-differenced (DD) HMW combinations are then analyzed. The results indicate that the biases do not cancel in single-differencing between two satellites. On the contrary, they are amplified because of the superposition of the systematic biases of two satellite signals. In single-differencing between two receivers, different characteristics are found for different satellites types depending on baseline length. For inclined geostationary orbit (IGSO) and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), the systematic biases cancel for single-differencing between receivers or double-differencing over short and medium baselines; however, they do not cancel in single-differencing between receivers or double-differencing over long baselines. Regarding geostationary earth orbit (GEO), the systematic biases do not cancel for single-differencing between receivers or double-differencing over both short and long baselines. In addition, we analyze the sources of the systematic biases of the BDS HMW combination. The systematic biases of IGSO and MEO HMW combinations mainly originate from multipath errors at the satellite; the systematic biases of GEO HMW combinations may also originate from multipath errors. Finally, we study the influence of the systematic errors on wide-lane ambiguity resolution by analyzing the consistency of the fractional part of the averaged SD HMW combinations and the fixing rate of DD wide-lane ambiguity resolution. The results are compared with those of GPS.

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