The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents' diets: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study.

OBJECTIVES We studied the association between the local food environment and residents' report of recommended dietary intake. METHODS Recommended intakes of foods and nutrients for 10 623 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities participants were estimated from food frequency questionnaires. Supermarkets, grocery stores, and full-service and fast-food restaurants were geocoded to census tracts. RESULTS Black Americans' fruit and vegetable intake increased by 32% for each additional supermarket in the census tract (relative risk [RR] = 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08, 1.60). White Americans' fruit and vegetable intake increased by 11% with the presence of 1 or more supermarket (RR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.93, 1.32). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the local food environment is associated with residents' recommended diets.

[1]  L B Dixon,et al.  Let the pyramid guide your food choices: capturing the total diet concept. , 2001, The Journal of nutrition.

[2]  C. la Vecchia,et al.  Food groups and colorectal cancer risk , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[3]  Aric Invest.  The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study: design and objectives. The ARIC investigators , 1989 .

[4]  M. Szklo,et al.  Neighbourhood differences in diet: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. , 1999, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[5]  A. Spitzer,et al.  Occurrence of Congenital Heart Defects in Relation to Maternal Multivitamin Use , 2000 .

[6]  D M Murray,et al.  Community education for cardiovascular disease prevention. Morbidity and mortality results from the Minnesota Heart Health Program. , 1996, American journal of epidemiology.

[7]  P. Ippolito,et al.  Nutrition information and policy: A study of U.S. food production trends , 1994 .

[8]  O. Williams,et al.  Dietary intake patterns and sociodemographic factors in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. ARIC Study Investigators. , 1994, Preventive medicine.

[9]  M. Symons,et al.  Fruit and vegetable consumption and prevention of cancer: the Black Churches United for Better Health project. , 1999, American journal of public health.

[10]  R. Littell.  SAS System for Mixed Models , 1996 .

[11]  C. Basch,et al.  The availability of low-fat milk in an inner-city Latino community: implications for nutrition education. , 1995, American journal of public health.

[12]  L Mosca,et al.  Use of a supermarket shelf-labeling program to educate a predominately minority community about foods that promote heart health. , 2000, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[13]  G. Taubes.  New Study Says Low-Fat Diet Can Lower Blood Pressure , 1997, Science.

[14]  A. Folsom,et al.  The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study: design and objectives. The ARIC investigators. , 1989, American journal of epidemiology.

[15]  R. Carleton,et al.  The Pawtucket Heart Health Program: community changes in cardiovascular risk factors and projected disease risk. , 1995, American journal of public health.

[16]  A. D. Diez Roux,et al.  Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places. , 2002, American journal of preventive medicine.

[17]  J. Langley,et al.  Alcohol licensing system changes and alcohol consumption: introduction of wine into New Zealand grocery stores. , 1995, Addiction.

[18]  N. Ernst,et al.  Choose a diet that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol and moderate in total fat: subtle changes to a familiar message. , 2001, The Journal of nutrition.

[19]  P. Yen.  Stopping heart disease with diet. , 1998, Geriatric nursing.

[20]  C. Mooney.  Cost and availability of healthy food choices in a London health district , 1990 .

[21]  Stephanie McClellan,et al.  Falling Through The Safety Net: Poverty, Food Assistance And Shopping Constraints In An American City , 1995 .

[22]  W L Haskell,et al.  Effects of communitywide education on cardiovascular disease risk factors. The Stanford Five-City Project. , 1990, JAMA.

[23]  K. Carlson,et al.  The Role of Health Knowledge in Determining Dietary Fat Intake , 1994 .

[24]  G. Shaw,et al.  PERICONCEPTIONAL VITAMIN USE, DIETARY FOLATE, AND THE OCCURRENCE OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS , 1995, Epidemiology.

[25]  I. Hjermann.  A randomized primary preventive trial in coronary heart disease: the Oslo study. , 1983, Preventive medicine.

[26]  M Adrian,et al.  Does allowing the sale of wine in Quebec grocery stores increase consumption? , 1996, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[27]  J. Lawn,et al.  Food affordability in air stage communities. , 1998, International journal of circumpolar health.

[28]  W. C. Wilson,et al.  San Diego surveyed for heart-healthy foods and exercise facilities. , 1986, Public health reports.

[29]  M. White.  American Neighborhoods and Residential Differentiation , 1988 .

[30]  J. Manson,et al.  Antioxidants and Coronary Heart Disease: Observational Studies , 1996, Journal of cardiovascular risk.

[31]  W. Willett,et al.  Nutrition and cancer: A summary of the evidence , 2004, Cancer Causes & Control.

[32]  G. Block,et al.  Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiological evidence. , 1992, Nutrition and cancer.

[33]  C. Basch,et al.  Independent associations of educational attainment and ethnicity with behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease. , 1991, American journal of epidemiology.

[34]  P Galan,et al.  The potential role of antioxidant vitamins in preventing cardiovascular diseases and cancers. , 1998, Nutrition.

[35]  H. Upmeier,et al.  Costs of a healthy diet: analysis from the UK Women's Cohort Study , 1999, Public Health Nutrition.

[36]  J. Brown,et al.  The relationship of diet to blood pressure control. , 1979, Journal of the National Medical Association.

[37]  P. Gruenewald,et al.  The relationship of outlet densities to alcohol consumption: a time series cross-sectional analysis. , 1993, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[38]  A. Anderson,et al.  Scotland's health--a more difficult challenge for some? The price and availability of healthy foods in socially contrasting localities in the west of Scotland. , 1993, Health bulletin.

[39]  T. Lang.  Food policy and public health. , 1992, Public health.

[40]  A. Keys,et al.  Dietary Fat and Its Relation to Heart Attacks and Strokes , 1961 .

[41]  B. Swinburn,et al.  Long-term (5-year) effects of a reduced-fat diet intervention in individuals with glucose intolerance. , 2001, Diabetes care.