Ammonoid multi-extinction crises during the Late Pliensbachian - Toarcian and carbon cycle instabilities

Abstract. Five crises affecting ammonite evolution occurred during the Late Pliensbachian to Late Toarcian stages (Early Jurassic). The first two (Gibbosus and end-Spinatum zones) occurred during highly cold and regressive conditions which were followed by a global anoxic event generated during a supergreenhouse warm event (Levisoni subzone) concomitant with a worldwide transgressive event. The last two (Late Variabilis and Late Insigne zones) are related to regressive events. We present new carbon isotope data from Southern Peru that demonstrate that most of the major Toarcian crises affecting ammonite evolution can be correlated with the variations affecting the δ13C during that unstable period. The morphogenetic reactions of the ammonites during the five different upper Liassic critical episodes are analysed, showing how this group can be used as stress indicators.

[1]  R. Aguado,et al.  The Toarcian in the Subbetic basin (southern Spain): Bio-events (ammonite and calcareous nannofossils) and carbon-isotope stratigraphy , 2012 .

[2]  S. S. Buckman.  A monograph of the Ammonites of the "Inferior oolite series,"; , 2012 .

[3]  M. Rogov,et al.  Polar record of Early Jurassic massive carbon injection , 2011 .

[4]  L. Schwark,et al.  An open ocean record of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event , 2011 .

[5]  Paul L. Smith,et al.  The significance of an Early Jurassic (Toarcian) carbon-isotope excursion in Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia, Canada , 2011 .

[6]  J. J. Gómez,et al.  Mass extinction and recovery of the Early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) brachiopods linked to climate change in Northern and Central Spain , 2011 .

[7]  S. Planke,et al.  Contact metamorphic devolatilization of shales in the Karoo Basin, South Africa, and the effects of multiple sill intrusions , 2011 .

[8]  M. Moulin.  Les traps du Karoo et les extinctions du Jurassique inférieur : dynamique éruptive et perturbations de l'environnement , 2011 .

[9]  P. Renne,et al.  Joint determination of 40K decay constants and 40Ar∗/40K for the Fish Canyon sanidine standard, and improved accuracy for 40Ar/39Ar geochronology , 2010 .

[10]  H. Jenkyns,et al.  First record of the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event from the Southern Hemisphere, Neuquén Basin, Argentina , 2010, Journal of the Geological Society.

[11]  G. Delpech,et al.  Magnetostratigraphy and dating of the Lesotho lava pile (Karoo traps) : an attempt to constrain the timing of the eruptive sequence in relation with the end-Pliensbachian extinction event , 2010 .

[12]  S. Planke,et al.  Early Jurassic shale chemostratigraphy and U-Pb ages from the Neuquén Basin (Argentina): Implications for the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event , 2010 .

[13]  M. Philippe,et al.  Secular environmental precursors to Early Toarcian (Jurassic) extreme climate changes , 2010 .

[14]  P. Neige,et al.  High-resolution dynamics of Early Jurassic marine extinctions: the case of Pliensbachian–Toarcian ammonites (Cephalopoda) , 2010, Journal of the Geological Society.

[15]  S. Polteau.  Rapid emplacement of the Karoo Basin sill complex during the Toarcian revealed by U-Pb dating of zircons , 2010 .

[16]  H. Jenkyns,et al.  A carbon-isotope perturbation at the Pliensbachian–Toarcian boundary: evidence from the Lias Group, NE England , 2009, Geological Magazine.

[17]  F. Baudin,et al.  Late Pliensbachian–Early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) environmental changes in an epicontinental basin of NW Europe (Causses area, central France): A micropaleontological and geochemical approach , 2009 .

[18]  E. Mattioli,et al.  Dramatic decrease of pelagic carbonate production by nannoplankton across the Early Toarcian anoxic event (T-OAE) , 2009 .

[19]  C. Arias.  Extinction pattern of marine Ostracoda across the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary in the Cordillera Ibérica, NE Spain: Causes and consequences ☆ , 2009 .

[20]  R. Howarth,et al.  Basinal restriction, black shales, Re‐Os dating, and the Early Toarcian (Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event , 2008 .

[21]  J. Ogg,et al.  The Concise Geologic Time Scale , 2008 .

[22]  E. Mattioli,et al.  Calcareous nannoplankton changes across the early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event in the western Tethys , 2008 .

[23]  P. Renne,et al.  The 40Ar/39Ar ages of the sill complex of the Karoo large igneous province: Implications for the Pliensbachian‐Toarcian climate change , 2008 .

[24]  E. Mattioli,et al.  Duration of the Early Toarcian carbon isotope excursion deduced from spectral analysis: Consequence for its possible causes , 2008 .

[25]  J. J. Gómez,et al.  Seawater temperature and carbon isotope variations in belemnites linked to mass extinction during the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) in Central and Northern Spain. Comparison with other European sections , 2008 .

[26]  J. Pálfy.  The quest for refined calibration of the Jurassic time-scale , 2008 .

[27]  A. Coe,et al.  The Late Palaeocene–Early Eocene and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) carbon isotope excursions: a comparison of their time scales, associated environmental changes, causes and consequences , 2007, Journal of the Geological Society.

[28]  Anders Malthe-Sørenssen,et al.  Hydrothermal venting of greenhouse gases triggering Early Jurassic global warming , 2007 .

[29]  H. Jenkyns,et al.  Carbon-isotope record of the Early Jurassic (Toarcian) Oceanic Anoxic Event from fossil wood and marine carbonate (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal) , 2007 .

[30]  P. Wignall,et al.  An eastern Tethyan (Tibetan) record of the Early Jurassic (Toarcian) mass extinction event , 2006 .

[31]  J. Guex.  Reinitialization of evolutionary clocks during sublethal environmental stress in some invertebrates , 2006 .

[32]  C. Little,et al.  The timing of paleoenvironmental change and cause-and-effect relationships during the early Jurassic mass extinction in Europe , 2005 .

[33]  K. Miller,et al.  Toarcian oceanic anoxic event: An assessment of global causes using belemnite C isotope records , 2005 .

[34]  G. Féraud,et al.  Karoo large igneous province: Brevity, origin, and relation to mass extinction questioned by new 40Ar/39Ar age data , 2005 .

[35]  S. Hesselbo,et al.  Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to intrusion into Gondwana coals , 2005, Nature.

[36]  J. Vicente.  Dynamic paleogeography of the Jurassic Andean Basin: pattern of transgression and localisation of main straits through the magmatic arc , 2005 .

[37]  A. Malthe-Sørenssen,et al.  Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming , 2004, Nature.

[38]  J. Guex,et al.  A morphogenetic explanation of Buckman’s law of covariation , 2003 .

[39]  J. Guex,et al.  Ontogeny and covariation in the Toarcian genus Osperleioceras (Ammonoidea) , 2003 .

[40]  A. Bartolini,et al.  A new scenario for the Domerian - Toarcian transition , 2003 .

[41]  P. Renne,et al.  On the ages of flood basalt events , 2003 .

[42]  A. Vörös.  Victims of the Early Toarcian anoxic event: the radiation and extinction of Jurassic Koninckinidae (Brachiopoda) , 2002 .

[43]  F. Cecca,et al.  Biodiversity and biogeography of middle–late liassic ammonoids: implications for the early Toarcian mass extinction , 2002 .

[44]  J. Guex,et al.  Evolutionary Rates of Jurassic Ammonites in Relation to Sea-level Fluctuations , 2001 .

[45]  P. Wignall.  Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions , 2001 .

[46]  J. Guex,et al.  Découverte d'une importante lacune stratigraphique à la limite Domérien-Toarcien : implications paléo-océanographiques , 2001 .

[47]  Paul L. Smith,et al.  Synchrony between Early Jurassic extinction, oceanic anoxic event, and the Karoo-Ferrar flood basalt volcanism , 2000 .

[48]  C. Bjerrum,et al.  Massive dissociation of gas hydrate during a Jurassic oceanic anoxic event , 2000, Nature.

[49]  D. Donovan,et al.  Strontium isotope profile of the early Toarcian (Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event, the duration of ammonite biozones, and belemnite palaeotemperatures , 2000 .

[50]  M. Aberhan,et al.  Mass origination versus mass extinction: the biological contribution to the Pliensbachian–Toarcian extinction event , 2000, Journal of the Geological Society.

[51]  P. Renne,et al.  A test for systematic errors in 40Ar/39Ar geochronology through comparison with U/Pb analysis of a 1.1-Ga rhyolite , 2000 .

[52]  G. Price.  The evidence and implications of polar ice during the Mesozoic , 1999 .

[53]  Paul L. Smith,et al.  A UPb age from the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) and its use for time scale calibration through error analysis of biochronologic dating , 1997 .

[54]  R. Steel,et al.  Dunlin group sequence stratigraphy in the northern North Sea: A model for Cook sandstone deposition , 1997 .

[55]  G. Jakobs.  Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids from western North America , 1997 .

[56]  Paul L. Smith,et al.  An ammonite zonation for the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) of the North American Cordillera , 1994 .

[57]  A. Hoffmann,et al.  Evolutionary Genetics and Environmental Stress , 1991 .

[58]  H. Jenkyns.  The early Toarcian (Jurassic) anoxic event; stratigraphic, sedimentary and geochemical evidence , 1988 .

[59]  C. Meister.  Ontogenèse et évolution des Amaltheidae (Ammonoidea) , 1988 .

[60]  P. Parsons.  Evolutionary Rates under Environmental Stress , 1987 .

[61]  H. Jenkyns.  The early Toarcian and Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic events in Europe: comparisons and contrasts , 1985 .

[62]  W. Küspert.  Environmental Changes During Oil Shale Deposition as Deduced from Stable Isotope Ratios , 1982 .

[63]  M. K. Howarth.  The stratigraphy and ammonite fauna of the upper Liassic Grey Shales of the Yorkshire coast , 1973 .