The interaction of reverse faults with flexible continuous pipelines

Permanent ground displacements due to earthquake faulting may induce large deformation and loading of a buried pipeline. In particular, a pipeline crossing a fault rupture emerging at the soil surface will be subject to a combination of bending and/or axial compression or tension depending on the form of the fault displacement, the dip angle and the direction of the pipe with respect to the fault. This complex combination of loadings may be sufficient to cause disruption to the pipeline supply or leakage of product and so has potential for large financial and/or environmental impact. In this paper, the response of buried flexible pipelines crossing reverse fault ruptures has been examined using centrifuge modelling. A reverse fault is actuated in the 20th-scale model at an initial fixed dip angle in the bedrock and the fault rupture is seen to propagate upwards through a layer of sand towards the soil surface. Pipelines were buried in the sand layer to typical embedment ratios and their response was monit...