Managerial Effectiveness in a Global Context.

In the past decade an increasing number of international managers from multinational organizations have participated in development programs at the Center for Creative Leadership. These managers work across the borders of multiple countries simultaneously. Working with these managers led us to ask fundamental questions about our current understanding of managerial effectiveness and whether or not it applied to managers who work in an increasingly complex global world. We asked ourselves: What do these managers do? Is it different from the work they did when they managed in their own countries, and if it is different, how so? What does it take for them to be effective when they manage across so many countries simultaneously? What do these managers need to know in order to be effective? What do organizations need to know and do in order to select and develop people who will manage and lead effectively in the global economy? Research designed to answer those questions provides insight into the work of global managers.

[1]  Glenn R. Carroll,et al.  Organizational demography and culture: Insights from a formal model and simulation. , 1998 .

[2]  W. P. Barnett,et al.  Work group demography, social integration, and turnover. , 1989 .

[3]  Marilynn B. Brewer,et al.  Managing diversity: The role of social identities. , 1995 .

[4]  Susan R. Rhodes Age-Related Differences in Work Attitudes and Behavior: A Review and Conceptual Analysis , 1983 .

[5]  M. Cole,et al.  The psychology of literacy , 1983 .

[6]  Holly B. Tompson,et al.  Entry shock, culture shock: Socializing the new breed of global managers , 1992 .

[7]  Percy Barnevik Rosebeth Moss Kanter Global Strategies: Insights from the worlds leading thinkers , 2002 .

[8]  Geng Cui,et al.  Testing the construct validity of intercultural effectiveness , 1991 .

[9]  U. Hannerz Cosmopolitans and Locals in World Culture , 1990 .

[10]  A. I. Goldberg,et al.  The Relevance of Cosmopolitan/Local Orientations to Professional Values and Behavior , 1976 .

[11]  S. Worchel,et al.  Psychology of intergroup relations , 1986 .

[12]  Geng Cui,et al.  Measuring intercultural effectiveness: An integrative approach , 1992 .

[13]  J. Kotter The General Managers , 1982 .

[14]  D. Byrne The Attraction Paradigm , 1971 .

[15]  Douglas T. Hall,et al.  Career development in organizations , 1987 .

[16]  Murray R. Barrick,et al.  THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND JOB PERFORMANCE: A META-ANALYSIS , 1991 .

[17]  Robert D. Pritchard,et al.  The effects of organizational climate on managerial job performance and job satisfaction , 1973 .

[18]  Stephen Tallman Managing across Borders: The Transnational Solution , 1990 .

[19]  R. Larsen,et al.  Choice and avoidance of everyday situations and affect congruence: Two models of reciprocal interactionism. , 1986 .

[20]  S. Jackson,et al.  7 UNDERSTANDING THE DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY IN DECISION-MAKING TEAMS , 2004 .

[21]  J. Gerton,et al.  Psychological impact of biculturalism: evidence and theory. , 1993, Psychological bulletin.

[22]  John T. McNelly,et al.  Cosmopolitan Media Usage in the Diffusion of International Affairs News , 1968 .

[23]  E. A. Locke,et al.  Goal Setting: A Motivational Technique That Works! , 1984 .

[24]  Henri Fayol,et al.  Fayolism : selected papers on the writings of Fayol . and, Industrial and general administration ; and, General and industrial management , 2004 .

[25]  Ingemar Torbiörn,et al.  A new conceptualization of intercultural adjustment and the goals of training , 1985 .

[26]  Stefan Wills,et al.  Being an international manager , 1994 .

[27]  Joseph G. P. Paolillo,et al.  Role Profiles for Managers in Different Functional Areas , 1987 .

[28]  Indrei Ratiu Thinking Internationally: A Comparison of How International Executives Learn , 1983 .

[29]  Donald E. Super,et al.  The psychology of careers : an introduction to vocational development , 1958 .

[30]  Ann M. Morrison,et al.  The lessons of experience : how successful executives develop on the job , 1988 .

[31]  Thomas Rotondi Reference Groups and Local-Cosmopolitanism. , 1977 .

[32]  Todd R. Zenger,et al.  Organizational Demography: The Differential Effects of Age and Tenure Distributions on Technical Communication , 1989 .

[33]  Noel M. Tichy,et al.  Globalizing management : creating and leading the competitive organization , 1992 .

[34]  Anne S. Tsui,et al.  Diversity in organizations: Lessons from demography research. , 1995 .

[35]  R. Cattell The Description and Measurement of Personality , 1947, Mental Health.

[36]  J. Mezirow Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning , 1991 .

[37]  Paul T. Costa,et al.  Cross-Cultural Assessment of the Five-Factor Model , 1998 .

[38]  Karlene H. Roberts,et al.  Some correlations of communication roles in organizations. , 1979 .

[39]  S. J. Motowidlo,et al.  Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. , 1994 .

[40]  B. Gibbs The Effects of Environment and Technology on Managerial Roles , 1994 .

[41]  Hal B. Gregersen,et al.  Developing Leaders for the Global Frontier , 1998 .

[42]  E. Mayo The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization , 1934, Nature.

[43]  S. Stewman Organizational demography. , 1988, Annual review of sociology.

[44]  F. Reid Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory , 1987 .

[45]  B. Ruben Assessing Communication Competency for Intercultural Adaptation , 1976 .

[46]  J D Andrews,et al.  The achievement motive and advancement in two types of organizations. , 1967, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[47]  Susan E. Cross,et al.  Self-Construals, Coping, and Stress in Cross-Cultural Adaptation , 1995 .

[48]  H. Gardner,et al.  Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences , 1983 .

[49]  Susan E. Jackson,et al.  Diversity in Decision-Making Teams: All Differences are Not Created Equal , 1995 .

[50]  Joan D. Mahoney,et al.  Early identification of international executive potential , 1997 .

[51]  Kenichi Ohmae The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy , 1991 .

[52]  A. Kalleberg,et al.  Aging, values, and rewards: explaining age differences in job satisfaction. , 1983, American sociological review.

[53]  A. Tsui,et al.  Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. , 1991 .

[54]  R. Bornstein Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987. , 1989 .

[55]  Samuel B. Bacharach,et al.  Research in the Sociology of Organization. , 1994 .

[56]  W. Mischel On the future of personality measurement. , 1977 .

[57]  John J. Morse,et al.  Measuring the Process of Managerial Effectiveness , 1978 .

[58]  S. Schwartz A Theory of Cultural Values and Some Implications for Work , 1999 .

[59]  Ingemar Torbiörn,et al.  Living abroad : personal adjustment and personnel policy in the overseas setting , 1982 .

[60]  Eduardo Salas,et al.  Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations , 1995 .

[61]  G. Clore,et al.  The attraction hypothesis: do similar attitudes affect anything? , 1986 .

[62]  O. John Towards a Taxonomy of Personality Descriptors , 1989 .

[63]  J. D. Sherman,et al.  Generalizability of an Organizational Commitment Model , 1981 .

[64]  Chockalingam Viswesvaran,et al.  Personality determinants in the prediction of aspects of expatriate job success. , 1997 .

[65]  J. G. Hunt,et al.  International perspectives on international leadership , 1997 .

[66]  Terence P. Hannigan,et al.  Traits, attitudes, and skills that are related to intercultural effectiveness and their implications for cross-cultural training: A review of the literature , 1990 .

[67]  R. Zajonc Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. , 1968 .

[68]  P. Lawrence,et al.  Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration , 1967 .

[69]  Paul E. Tesluk,et al.  Toward an integrated model of work experience. , 1998 .

[70]  K. Oberg Cultural Shock: Adjustment to New Cultural Environments , 1960 .

[71]  Brian Mullen,et al.  Self-Attention Theory: The Effects of Group Composition on the Individual , 1987 .

[72]  R Hogan,et al.  A socioanalytic theory of personality. , 1983, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.

[73]  R. Piedmont,et al.  Cross-Cultural Generalizability of the Five-Factor Model of Personality , 1997 .

[74]  D. Buss,et al.  Personality psychology : recent trends and emerging directions , 1989 .

[75]  Marco Perugini,et al.  In Pursuit of a Cross‐lingual References Structure of Personality Traits: Comparisons among Five Languages , 1997 .

[76]  Taylor Cox,et al.  Developing Competency To Manage Diversity: Readings, Cases, and Activities. , 1997 .

[77]  J. Lincoln,et al.  Work and Friendship Ties in Organizations: A Comparative Analysis of Relational Networks , 1979 .

[78]  Z. Aycan Acculturation of expatriate managers: A process model of adjustment and performance. , 1997 .

[79]  Peter S. Adler,et al.  The Transitional Experience: an Alternative View of Culture Shock , 1975 .

[80]  T. Mitchell,et al.  PATH-GOAL THEORY OF LEADERSHIP , 1975 .

[81]  Cynthia M. Pavett,et al.  The Nature of Managerial Work: A Comparison of Public- and Private-Sector Managers , 1980 .

[82]  D. Eden,et al.  Effects of crew composition on crew performance: Does the whole equal the sum of its parts? , 1985 .

[83]  Alan Barnard,et al.  Emics and Etics: The Insider/Outsider Debate , 1990 .

[84]  Theresa S. Cho,et al.  The Influence of Top Management Team Heterogeneity on Firms' Competitive Moves , 1996 .

[85]  Linda E. Anderson A new look at an old construct: Cross-cultural adaptation , 1994 .

[86]  C. Barnard The Functions of the Executive , 1939 .

[87]  Robert E. Quinn,et al.  Becoming a Master Manager: A Competency Framework , 1996 .

[88]  W. T. Norman,et al.  Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: replicated factors structure in peer nomination personality ratings. , 1963, Journal of abnormal and social psychology.

[89]  S. Jackson,et al.  Top management and innovations in banking: Does the composition of the top team make a difference? , 1989 .

[90]  J. Berry,et al.  Cross-cultural psychology as a scholarly discipline: On the flowering of culture in behavioral research. , 1998 .

[91]  W. Bodmer Principles of Scientific Management , 1993, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[92]  Rosabeth Moss Kanter,et al.  World Class: Thriving Locally in the Global Economy , 1995 .

[93]  David L. DeVries Sources of Influence on Faculty Behavior. , 1971 .

[94]  M. Brewer In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. , 1979 .

[95]  F. Campos Validity of personality measures in personnel selection , 1966 .

[96]  Maxine A. Dalton,et al.  How to Design an Effective System for Developing Managers and Executives , 1996 .

[97]  Joseph Wolfe,et al.  Management Education and Development: Current Issues and Emerging Trends , 1988 .

[98]  H. Tajfel Social identity and intergroup behaviour , 1974 .

[99]  Cultural identity and diversity in organizations: Bridging the gap between group differences and individual uniqueness. , 1995 .

[100]  G. Lindzey,et al.  Theories of Personality , 1958 .

[101]  Anne S. Tsui,et al.  Relational demography: The missing link in vertical dyad linkage. , 1995 .

[102]  Daniel J. Kealey,et al.  A study of cross-cultural effectiveness: Theoretical issues, practical applications , 1989 .

[103]  P. Costa,et al.  Personality trait structure as a human universal. , 1997, The American psychologist.

[104]  A. I. Goldberg,et al.  Organizational Behavior, Career Orientations, and the Propensity to Move among Professionals , 1976 .

[105]  Henry Mintzberg The Nature of Managerial Work , 1974, Operational Research Quarterly (1970-1977).

[106]  J. W. Hunt,et al.  The Relationship of Age, Tenure, and Job Satisfaction in Males and Females , 1975 .

[107]  D. Ready,et al.  Developing leadership capabilities of global corporations: A comparative study in eight nations , 1995 .

[108]  Tania Saba,et al.  Selecting and Developing the Global versus the Expatriate Manager: A Review of the State-of-the-Art , 1998 .

[109]  Jeffrey Pfeffer,et al.  Organizational demography and turnover in top-management groups. , 1984 .

[110]  Sharon Tucker,et al.  The Leadership Factor , 1988 .

[111]  J. Quelch,et al.  The Return of the Country Manager , 1996 .

[112]  Amy L. Kristof PERSON-ORGANIZATION FIT: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW OF ITS CONCEPTUALIZATIONS, MEASUREMENT, AND IMPLICATIONS , 1996 .

[113]  Patrick H. Raymark,et al.  IDENTIFYING POTENTIALLY USEFUL PERSONALITY CONSTRUCTS FOR EMPLOYEE SELECTION , 1997 .

[114]  Rupert Brown,et al.  Social Identity and Social Conflict: Recent developments in the social psychology of intergroup behaviour by , 1600 .

[115]  H. Tajfel,et al.  The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior. , 2004 .

[116]  James N. Baron,et al.  So happy together? The impact of gender segregation on men at work. , 1987 .

[117]  A. Tsui,et al.  Beyond Simple Demographic Effects: The Importance of Relational Demography in Superior-Subordinate Dyads , 1989 .

[118]  Rosalie L. Tung A contingency framework of selection and training of expatriates revisited , 1998 .

[119]  S. Jackson,et al.  Some differences make a difference: Individual dissimilarity and group heterogeneity as correlates of recruitment, promotions, and turnover. , 1991 .

[120]  Kevin R. Murphy,et al.  Individual differences and behavior in organizations , 1996 .

[121]  R. Larsen,et al.  Person x situation interactions: choice of situations and congruence response models. , 1984, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[122]  Brian Mullen,et al.  Operationalizing the effect of the group on the individual: A self-attention perspective , 1983 .

[123]  M. Wiersema,et al.  Top Management Team Demography and Corporate Strategic Change , 1992 .

[124]  H. Triandis A theoretical framework for the study of diversity. , 1995 .

[125]  Pamela Ramser,et al.  Journeys into cross-cultural psychology , 1994 .

[126]  P. Costa,et al.  Personality in adulthood , 1990 .

[127]  R. Paige,et al.  Education for the Intercultural Experience , 1994 .

[128]  Nancy J. Adler,et al.  Managing globally competent people , 1992 .

[129]  G. Yukl,et al.  Leadership in Organizations , 1981 .

[130]  C. Mccauley Developmental experiences in managerial work: A literature review , 1986 .

[131]  Cynthia M. Pavett,et al.  Managerial work: The influence of hierarchical level and functional specialty. , 1983 .

[132]  T. Cox Cultural diversity in organizations : theory, research, and practice , 1993 .

[133]  N. Adler International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior , 1986 .

[134]  C. Prahalad,et al.  Transforming Internal Governance: The Challenge for Multinationals , 1999 .

[135]  M. E. Shaw,et al.  Handbook of Leadership; a Survey of Theory and Research , 1974 .

[136]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Culture′s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values , 1980 .

[137]  Manfred F. R. Kets de Vries,et al.  The new global leaders : Richard Branson, Percy Barnevik, and David Simon , 1999 .

[138]  Roles of Managers as Perceived by Business Students , 1990 .

[139]  F. E. Saal,et al.  Job involvement: A multivariate approach. , 1978 .

[140]  Judith Caditz Ethnic Identification, Interethnic Contact, and Belief in Integration , 1976 .

[141]  Dorothy C. Doolittle,et al.  MINTZBERG REVISITED: A STUDY OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS , 1988 .

[142]  B. Lawrence The Black Box of Organizational Demography , 1997 .

[143]  Bernard M. Bass,et al.  Does the Transactional-Transformational Leadership Paradigm Transcend Organizational and National Boundaries? , 1997 .

[144]  W. Bennis,et al.  The Social Psychology of Organizations , 1966 .

[145]  P. Costa,et al.  Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO-Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) , 1992 .

[146]  J. M. Digman PERSONALITY STRUCTURE: EMERGENCE OF THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL , 1990 .

[147]  O. Shenkar,et al.  Clustering Countries on Attitudinal Dimensions: A Review and Synthesis , 1985 .

[148]  C. Bartlett,et al.  Managing the Global Firm , 1990 .