Regulation of bile acid synthesis

HEPATIC CHOLESTEROL HOMEOSTASIS The liver plays a central role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Under normal conditions, cholesterol input into the body equals output; cholesterol homeostasis is maintained. Under pathologic conditions, enhancement of cholesterol input into the liver or a reduction in hepatic cholesterol output may overwhelm cholesterol homeostatic mechanisms and potentially result in hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, or cholesterol ch~lelithiasis.~~,

[1]  M. J. Coon,et al.  The P450 superfamily: update on new sequences, gene mapping, accession numbers, early trivial names of enzymes, and nomenclature. , 1993, DNA and cell biology.

[2]  K. Einarsson,et al.  12 alpha-hydroxylase activity in human liver and its relation to cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity. , 1992, Journal of lipid research.

[3]  P. Hylemon,et al.  Function and Regulation of Hydroxylases Involved in the Bile Acid Biosynthesis Pathways , 1992, Seminars in liver disease.

[4]  Jonathan C. Cohen,et al.  Cloning of the human cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7) and localization to chromosome 8q11-q12. , 1992, Genomics.

[5]  J. Litz,et al.  Hormonal regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA levels and transcriptional activity in primary rat hepatocyte cultures. , 1992, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[6]  I. Björkhem,et al.  Mechanism of degradation of the steroid side chain in the formation of bile acids. , 1992, Journal of lipid research.

[7]  D. T. Molowa,et al.  Transcriptional regulation of the human cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene. , 1992, Biochemistry.

[8]  J. Sjövall,et al.  Cholesterol is converted to 7 alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid in liver mitochondria. Evidence for a mitochondrial sterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. , 1992, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[9]  J. Sjövall,et al.  7α‐Hydroxylation of 26‐hydroxycholesterol, 3β‐hydroxy‐5‐cholestenoic acid and 3β‐hydroxy‐5‐cholenoic acid by cytochrome P‐450 in pig liver microsomes , 1992 .

[10]  G. Everson,et al.  Regulation of cholesterol and bile acid homoeostasis in bile-obstructed rats. , 1991, The Biochemical journal.

[11]  U. Francke,et al.  Mutations in the bile acid biosynthetic enzyme sterol 27-hydroxylase underlie cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. , 1991, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[12]  F. Kuipers,et al.  Cyclosporin A blocks bile acid synthesis in cultured hepatocytes by specific inhibition of chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis. , 1991, The Biochemical journal.

[13]  F. Kern.  Normal plasma cholesterol in an 88-year-old man who eats 25 eggs a day. Mechanisms of adaptation. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[14]  P. Hylemon,et al.  Regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA and transcriptional activity by taurocholate and cholesterol in the chronic biliary diverted rat. , 1991, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[15]  P. Hylemon,et al.  Regulation of bile acid synthesis. V. Inhibition of conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol is associated with down-regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity and inhibition of bile acid synthesis. , 1990, Journal of lipid research.

[16]  H. Princen,et al.  Maintenance of bile acid synthesis and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in cultured rat hepatocytes. , 1990, The Biochemical journal.

[17]  J. Chiang,et al.  Effect of thyroid hormone on hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase, LDL receptor, HMG-CoA reductase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase and apolipoprotein A-I mRNA levels in hypophysectomized rats. , 1990, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[18]  H. Rennert,et al.  A cDNA encoding a rat mitochondrial cytochrome P450 catalyzing both the 26-hydroxylation of cholesterol and 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3: gonadotropic regulation of the cognate mRNA in ovaries. , 1990, DNA and cell biology.

[19]  J. Kwekkeboom,et al.  Bile acids exert negative feedback control on bile acid synthesis in cultured pig hepatocytes by suppression of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase activity , 1990, Hepatology.

[20]  D. Waxman,et al.  Hepatic P-450 cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. Regulation in vivo at the protein and mRNA level in response to mevalonate, diurnal rhythm, and bile acid feedback. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[21]  N. Javitt,et al.  26-Hydroxycholesterol: synthesis, metabolism, and biologic activities. , 1990, Journal of lipid research.

[22]  J. Sjövall,et al.  Potential bile acid precursors in plasma--possible indicators of biosynthetic pathways to cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids in man. , 1990, Journal of steroid biochemistry.

[23]  J. Chiang,et al.  Regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in the liver. Cloning, sequencing, and regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[24]  M. Noshiro,et al.  Rat liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. Pretranslational regulation for circadian rhythm. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[25]  C. Slaughter,et al.  Cloning and regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid biosynthesis. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[26]  M. Straka,et al.  Substrate stimulation of 7 alpha-hydroxylase, an enzyme located in the cholesterol-poor endoplasmic reticulum. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[27]  D. Waxman,et al.  Regulation and ligand-binding specificities of two sex-specific bile acid-binding proteins of rat liver cytosol. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[28]  G. Tint,et al.  Feedback regulation of bile-acid synthesis in the rat. Differing effects of taurocholate and tauroursocholate. , 1990, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[29]  P. Thomas,et al.  Purification of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase from human and rat liver and production of inhibiting polyclonal antibodies. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[30]  M. Noshiro,et al.  Molecular cloning of cDNA for vitamin D3 25‐hydroxylase from rat liver mitochondria , 1990, FEBS letters.

[31]  J. Chiang,et al.  Regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in the liver. Purification of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and the immunochemical evidence for the induction of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase by cholestyramine and circadian rhythm. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[32]  J. Goldstein,et al.  Regulation of the mevalonate pathway , 1990, Nature.

[33]  P. Hylemon,et al.  Regulation of bile acid synthesis. IV. Interrelationship between cholesterol and bile acid biosynthesis pathways. , 1990, Journal of lipid research.

[34]  K. Einarsson,et al.  Bile acid synthesis in humans: regulation of hepatic microsomal cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity. , 1989, Gastroenterology.

[35]  J. Sjövall,et al.  Concentrations of cholestenoic acids in plasma from patients with liver disease. , 1989, Journal of lipid research.

[36]  P. Hylemon,et al.  Simultaneous measurement of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using both endogenous and exogenous [4-14C]cholesterol as substrate. , 1989, Analytical biochemistry.

[37]  M. Noshiro,et al.  Molecular cloning of cDNA for cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase from rat liver microsomes. Nucleotide sequence and expression. , 1989, FEBS letters.

[38]  K. Einarsson,et al.  On the saturation of the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in human liver microsomes. , 1989, Journal of lipid research.

[39]  N. Javitt,et al.  Cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in Hep G2 cells. Metabolic effects of 26- and 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol. , 1989, The Biochemical journal.

[40]  P. Hylemon,et al.  Regulation of bile acid synthesis. III. Correlation between biliary bile salt hydrophobicity index and the activities of enzymes regulating cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in the rat. , 1989, Journal of lipid research.

[41]  E. Stange,et al.  Role of primary and secondary bile acids as feedback inhibitors of bile acid synthesis in the rat in vivo. , 1989, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[42]  G. Paumgartner,et al.  Bile acid metabolism in human hyperthyroidism , 1989, Hepatology.

[43]  D. Heuman.  Quantitative estimation of the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of mixed bile salt solutions. , 1989, Journal of lipid research.

[44]  K. Kimura,et al.  Effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the activity of 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one-specific 12 alpha-hydroxylase in rats. , 1988, Biological chemistry Hoppe-Seyler.

[45]  J. Kwekkeboom,et al.  Feedback inhibition of bile acid synthesis in cultured pig hepatocytes. , 1988, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[46]  W. Duane,et al.  Effects of bile acid administration on bile acid synthesis and its circadian rhythm in man , 1988, Hepatology.

[47]  E. Stange,et al.  Feedback regulation of bile acid synthesis in the rat by dietary vs. Intravenous cholate or taurocholate , 1988, Hepatology.

[48]  P. Hylemon,et al.  Regulation of bile acid synthesis. II. Effect of bile acid feeding on enzymes regulating hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in the rat , 1988, Hepatology.

[49]  W. Duane,et al.  Bile acid synthesis in man. In vivo activity of the 25-hydroxylation pathway. , 1988, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[50]  I. Björkhem,et al.  Quantitative importance of the 25‐hydroxylation pathway for bile acid biosynthesis in the rat , 1988, Hepatology.

[51]  D. Heuman,et al.  Regulation of bile acid synthesis. I. Effects of conjugated ursodeoxycholate and cholate on bile acid synthesis in chronic bile fistula rat , 1988, Hepatology.

[52]  I. Björkhem,et al.  Studies on the link between HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in rat liver. , 1988, Journal of lipid research.

[53]  T. Ogishima,et al.  Purification and characterization of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase from rat liver microsomes. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[54]  P. Clayton,et al.  Familial giant cell hepatitis associated with synthesis of 3 beta, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-and 3 beta,7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5-cholenoic acids. , 1987, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[55]  K. Einarsson,et al.  The pool of free cholesterol is not of major importance for regulation of the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in rat liver microsomes. , 1987, Journal of lipid research.

[56]  T. J. Berkel,et al.  HEPATIC CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM , 1986, Pediatric Research.

[57]  J. Chiang,et al.  Modulation of reconstituted cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase by phosphatase and protein kinase , 1986 .

[58]  P. Hylemon,et al.  Absence of negative feedback control of bile acid biosynthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes. , 1985, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[59]  S. Erickson,et al.  Regulation of rat biliary cholesterol secretion by agents that alter intrahepatic cholesterol metabolism. Evidence for a distinct biliary precursor pool. , 1985, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[60]  K. Suckling,et al.  Role of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase in cellular cholesterol metabolism. , 1985, Journal of lipid research.

[61]  I. Björkhem.  Chapter 9 Mechanism of bile acid biosynthesis in mammalian liver , 1985 .

[62]  F. Nervi,et al.  Regulation of biliary cholesterol secretion in the rat. Role of hepatic cholesterol esterification. , 1984, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[63]  K. Einarsson,et al.  Comparative effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid on bile acid kinetics and biliary lipid secretion in humans. Evidence for different modes of action on bile acid synthesis. , 1983, Gastroenterology.

[64]  I. Hardie,et al.  Regulation of rat liver microsomal cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase by MgATP: Effect of pH , 1983 .

[65]  G. S. Boyd,et al.  The effect of dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-monophosphate on the synthesis of bile salts in isolated hepatocytes from rat. , 1983, European journal of biochemistry.

[66]  D. Matthews,et al.  The role of human growth hormone in the regulation of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. , 1983, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[67]  H. Danielsson,et al.  Regulation of hydroxylations in biosynthesis of bile acids: modulation of reconstituted 12 alpha-hydroxylase activity by protein fractions from rabbit liver cytosol and microsomes. , 1983, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[68]  A. Sanghvi,et al.  Regulation of three key enzymes in cholesterol metabolism by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. , 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[69]  J. Kuan,et al.  Bile acid synthesis by cultured hepatocytes. Inhibition by mevinolin, but not by bile acids. , 1983, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[70]  W. Diven,et al.  Loss of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in vitro in the presence of bivalent metal ions and by dialysis of rat liver microsomes. , 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[71]  T. Scallen,et al.  Evidence for phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of rat liver acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. , 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[72]  B. Cooper,et al.  Rat liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. Modulation of enzyme activity by changes in phosphorylation state. , 1982, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[73]  B. Cohen,et al.  26-Hydroxycholesterol. Identification and quantitation in human serum. , 1981, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[74]  R. Lester,et al.  Reversible activation-inactivation of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase possibly due to phosphorylation-dephosphorylation. , 1981, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[75]  H. Danielsson,et al.  Evidence for a specific cytochrome P-450 with short half-life catalyzing 7 alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol. , 1981, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[76]  H. Boström,et al.  Cytochromes P-450 LM3b and LM4 in biosynthesis of bile acids. , 1981, European journal of biochemistry.

[77]  I. Hardie,et al.  Regulation of rat liver microsomal cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase: reversible inactivation by ATP + Mg2+ and a cytosolic activator. , 1981, Journal of lipid research.

[78]  H. Danielsson,et al.  Modulation of reconstituted cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity by protein fractions from rat liver cytosol. , 1980, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[79]  G. Bonorris,et al.  Biliary lipid synthesis and secretion in gallstone patients before and during treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid. , 1980, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[80]  L. Swell,et al.  An in vivo evaluation of the quantitative significance of several potential pathways to cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids from cholesterol in man. , 1980, Journal of lipid research.

[81]  L. Swell,et al.  Biosynthesis of bile acids in man. Multiple pathways to cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. , 1980, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[82]  K. Wikvall,et al.  Hydroxylations in biosynthesis and metabolism of bile acids. Catalytic properties of different forms of cytochrome P-450. , 1980, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[83]  J. Gustafsson,et al.  Effects of treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid on liver microsomal metabolism of steroids in man. , 1980, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[84]  G. S. Boyd,et al.  Partial characterization of a protein from rat liver 100 000 g supernatant which stimulates cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase [proceedings]. , 1979, Biochemical Society transactions.

[85]  I. Björkhem,et al.  Preferential utilization of newly synthesized cholesterol as substrate for bile acid biosynthesis. An in vivo study using 18O2-inhalation technique. , 1979, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[86]  K. Wikvall,et al.  Properties of reconstituted cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase system from rat and rabbit liver microsomes. , 1979, European journal of biochemistry.

[87]  G. Tint,et al.  Cholic acid biosynthesis: the enzymatic defect in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. , 1979, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[88]  R. Blomstrand,et al.  Effect of lymphatic drainage on 7α-hydroxylation of cholesterol in rat liver , 1978 .

[89]  R. Margolis,et al.  Circadian rhythm of cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase and cortisol in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[90]  J. Gaylor,et al.  Investigation of regulation of microsomal hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and methyl sterol oxidase of cholesterol biosynthesis. , 1977, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[91]  K. Mitropoulos,et al.  Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. , 1977, Journal of lipid research.

[92]  R. Davis,et al.  Effects of ethinyl estradiol and phenobarbital on bile acid synthesis and biliary bile acid and cholesterol excretion. , 1976, Gastroenterology.

[93]  L. Bennion,et al.  Effects of fasting on bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid composition in man. , 1976, Journal of lipid research.

[94]  G. Tint,et al.  A 25-hydroxylation pathway of cholic acid biosynthesis in man and rat. , 1976, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[95]  N. LaRusso,et al.  Effect of primary bile acid ingestion on bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid secretion in gallstone patients. , 1975, Gastroenterology.

[96]  Y. Yamamura,et al.  Regulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylation by cholesterol synthesis in rat liver , 1974 .

[97]  I. Björkhem,et al.  Assay of liver microsomal cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase using deuterated carrier and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 1974, Analytical biochemistry.

[98]  G. Bonorris,et al.  Induced alterations in the rate-limiting enzymes of hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in the hamster. , 1973, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[99]  J. V. Cantfort.  Contrôle par les glucocorticostéroïdes de l'activité circadienne de la cholestérol-7α-hydroxylase , 1973 .

[100]  H. Danielsson.  Influence of dietary bile acids on formation of bile acids in rat. , 1973, Steroids.

[101]  J. Thistle,et al.  Effect of oral chenodeoxycholic acid on bile acid kinetics and biliary lipid composition in women with cholelithiasis. , 1973, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[102]  I. Björkhem,et al.  12α-Hydroxylation of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one by a reconstituted system from rat liver microsomes , 1973 .

[103]  H. Danielsson.  Effect of biliary obstruction on formation and metabolism of bile acids in rat. , 1973, Steroids.

[104]  S. Shefer,et al.  Regulatory effects of sterols and bile acids on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase in the rat. , 1973, Journal of lipid research.

[105]  K. Mitropoulos,et al.  Evidence for the compartmentation of cholesterol in rat-liver microsomes. , 1973, European journal of biochemistry.

[106]  I. Björkhem,et al.  On the effect of thyroid hormone on 26‐hydroxylation of C27‐steroids in rat liver , 1973, FEBS letters.

[107]  G. Gibbons,et al.  Diurnal variation in the activity of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase in the livers of fed and fasted rats , 1972, FEBS letters.

[108]  G. Gibbons,et al.  The formation of cholest-5-ene-3 ,26-diol as an intermediate in the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids by liver mitochondria. , 1972, The Biochemical journal.

[109]  H. Danielsson.  Relationship between diurnal variations in biosynthesis of cholesterol and bile acids. , 1972, Steroids.

[110]  A. Hofmann,et al.  Role of bile acid malabsorption in pathogenesis of diarrhea and steatorrhea in patients with ileal resection. I. Response to cholestyramine or replacement of dietary long chain triglyceride by medium chain triglyceride. , 1972, Gastroenterology.

[111]  L. Swell,et al.  Bile acid metabolism in patients with cirrhosis. II. Cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid metabolism. , 1971, Gastroenterology.

[112]  N. Javitt,et al.  Bile acid synthesis in man: metabolism of 7 -hydroxycholesterol- 14 C and 26-hydroxycholesterol- 3 H. , 1972, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[113]  I. Bekersky,et al.  Bile acid synthesis in the isolated, perfused rabbit liver. , 1971, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[114]  B. Strandvik,et al.  Excretion of 3β‐hydroxy‐5‐cholenoic and 3a‐hydroxy‐5a‐cholanoic acids in urine of infants with biliary atresia , 1971, FEBS letters.

[115]  I. Bekersky,et al.  Biochemical site of regulation of bile acid biosynthesis in the rat. , 1970, Journal of lipid research.

[116]  D. Small,et al.  Effects of controlled interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts by biliary diversion and by ileal resection on bile salt secretion, synthesis, and pool size in the rhesus monkey. , 1970, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[117]  I. Bekersky,et al.  Feedback regulation of bile acid biosynthesis in the rat. , 1969, Journal of lipid research.

[118]  M. Suzuki,et al.  Effects of thyroidectomy and thyroxine treatment on the activity of 12α‐hydroxylase and of some components of microsomal electron transfer chains in rat liver , 1968 .

[119]  S. Shefer,et al.  7α-Hydroxylation of cholestanol by rat liver microsomes , 1968 .

[120]  K. Einarsson,et al.  Effect of Biliary Drainage on Individual Reactions in the Conversion of Cholesterol to Taurocholic Acid , 1967 .

[121]  K. Mitropoulos,et al.  The formation of lithocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and α- and β-muricholic acids from cholesterol incubated with rat-liver mitochondria , 1967 .

[122]  K. Einarsson,et al.  The Enzymic Formation of 7alpha-Hydroxycholesterol from Cholesterol in Rat Liver Homogenates. Bile Acids and Steroids 149. , 1964 .

[123]  H. Eder,et al.  The effect of biliary drainage upon the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver , 1961 .

[124]  H. Danielsson,et al.  On the regulation of bile acid formation in the rat liver. , 1958, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[125]  S. Eriksson,et al.  Biliary Excretion of Bile Acids and Cholesterol in Bile Fistula Rats. Bile Acids and Steroids.∗ † , 1957, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.

[126]  J. Thompson,et al.  Biliary Excretion of Cholic Acid and Cholesterol in Hyper-, Hypo-, and Euthyroid Rats.∗ , 1953, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.