Thermomechanics of Drying Processes

Nomenclature.- 1 Properties of dried materials.- 1.1 Classification of wet materials.- 1.2 Characterization of moisture bounding a solid skeleton.- 1.3 The equilibrium humidity.- 1.4 Mechanisms of moisture movement.- 2 Characterization of drying processes.- 2.1 Drying technique.- 2.2 Kinetics of drying processes.- 2.3 Mechanisms of heat and mass transfer.- 3 The equations of balance.- 3.1 Preliminaries.- 3.2 Balance equations: control volume approach.- 3.3 Second law of thermodynamics.- 4 Thermodynamic foundation of dried materials in elastic range.- 4.1 Postulate of local state.- 4.2 Equations of state.- 4.3 Phenomenological rate equations of heat and mass transfer.- 4.4 Physical relations for elastic materials under drying.- 5 Thermodynamics of viscoelastic materials under drying.- 5.1 Rheological properties of dried materials.- 5.2 Constitutive equations for a viscoelastic body.- 5.3 Analogy between viscoelasticity and elasticity.- 6 Plasticity in drying.- 6.1 Elastoplastic behavior of dried materials.- 6.2 Thermodynamical restrictions.- 6.3 Theory of plastic flow.- 6.4 Identification of the coefficients ? and L in the plastic potential.- 7 Destruction of materials by drying.- 7.1 Preliminary remarks.- 7.2 Cohesion forces in drying processes.- 7.3 Theoretical strength of dried materials.- 7.4 Fracture of brittle dried materials.- 7.5 Fracture of partly ductile dried materials.- 7.6 A measure of damage.- 8 Conditions of stress generation and boundary conditions.- 8.1 Conditions of stress generation.- 8.2 Balance equations for a body with a discontinuity surface.- 8.3 Boundary conditions in the first and second period of drying.- 8.4 Receding of the evaporation zone.- 9 Approach to numerical analysis in drying.- 9.1 Set of governing equations.- 9.2 Galerkin's formulation of the numerical problem.- 9.3 Time integration.- 9.4 Numerical solution for two-dimensional problem.- 10 One-dimensional initial-boundary value problem.- 10.1 Distribution of temperature and moisture content in wet porous plates under drying.- 10.2 Drying induced stresses in an elastic saturated plate.- 10.3 Drying induced stresses in a viscoelastic saturated plate.- 11 Drying induced stresses in products of cylindrical and spherical symmetry.- 11.1 The phenomenon of stress reverse in a cylindrical sample.- 11.2 Determination of shrinkage factor on a spherical sample.- 12 Mechanical effects in dried materials examined on the basis of two-dimensional boundary value problems.- 12.1 Deformations and stresses dependent on material shape.- 12.3 Thermal effects in dried materials.- 12.4 Analysis of dried body response on drying conditions the response of dried body to drying conditions.- 12.5 Significance of the wet bulb temperature in drying.- 12.6 Control of drying processes.- 12.7 Mechanical properties dependent on moisture content.- 12.8 Concentration of stresses around grooves.- 12.9 Phase transition inside the dried body.- 13 Dried materials with anisotropic structure.- 13.1 Constitutive equations for anisotropic materials with variable moisture content.- 13.2 Experimental identification of mechano-sorptive strain in wood.- 13.3 Deformation and stresses in dried wood.- 13.4 Identification of wood fracture during drying.- 14 Experimental studies in drying.- 14.1 Determination of coefficients in physical relations.- 14.2 Determination of coefficients in rate equations.- 14.3 Application of acoustic emission in studies of dried materials.- References.