QTL Determining Diel Flight Activity in Male Culex pipiens Mosquitoes.

Members of the Culex pipiens complex differ in physiological traits that facilitate their survival in diverse environments. Assortative mating within the complex occurs in some regions where autogenous (the ability to lay a batch of eggs without a blood meal) and anautogenous populations are sympatric, and differences in mating behaviors may be involved. For example, anautogenous populations mate in flight/swarms, while autogenous populations often mate at rest. Here, we characterized flight activity of males and found that anautogenous strain males were crepuscular, while autogenous strain males were crepuscular and nocturnal, with earlier activity onset times. We conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to explore the genetic basis of circadian chronotype (crepuscular vs. crepuscular and nocturnal) and time of activity onset. One major-effect QTL was identified for chronotype, while 3 QTLs were identified for activity onset. The highest logarithm of the odds (LOD) score for the chronotype QTL coincides with a chromosome 3 marker that contains a 15-nucleotide indel within the coding region of the canonical clock gene, cryptochrome 2. Sequencing of this locus in 7 different strains showed that the C-terminus of CRY2 in the autogenous forms contain deletions not found in the anautogenous forms. Consequently, we monitored activity in constant darkness and found males from the anautogenous strain exhibited free running periods of ~24 h while those from the autogenous strain were ~22 h. This study provides novel insights into the genetic basis of flight behaviors that likely reflect adaptation to their distinct ecological niches.