Emotion Regulation in Children With Anxiety Disorders

This study examined emotion management skills in addition to the role of emotional intensity and self-efficacy in emotion regulation in 26 children with anxiety disorders (ADs) ages 8 to 12 years and their counterparts without any form of psychopathology. Children completed the Children's Emotion Management Scales (CEMS) and Emotion Regulation Interview (ERI), and mothers reported on their children's emotion regulation using the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC). Results indicated that children who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (4th ed., American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria for an anxiety disorder had difficulty managing worried, sad, and anger experiences, potentially due to their report of experiencing emotions with high intensity and having little confidence in their ability to regulate this arousal. These findings indicate that emotion regulation needs to be considered centrally in research with anxious populations.

[1]  Jacob Cohen.  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences , 1969, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[2]  A. B. Hollingshead.  Four Factor Index of Social Status [1975] , 1975 .

[3]  A. B. Hollingshead,et al.  Four factor index of social status , 1975 .

[4]  L. Wheeler,et al.  Review of personality and social psychology , 1980 .

[5]  D. Murphy,et al.  Cognitive processes in depression. , 1981, Archives of general psychiatry.

[6]  C. Reynolds,et al.  Cross-Cultural Application of the Revised-Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale: Normative and Reliability Data for Nigerian Primary School Children , 1982, Psychological reports.

[7]  M. Kovacs.  The Children's Depression, Inventory (CDI). , 1985, Psychopharmacology bulletin.

[8]  B. Lahey,et al.  Mothers' and fathers' perceptions of child deviance: roles of child behavior, parental depression, and marital satisfaction. , 1985, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[9]  R. Muñoz.  Anxiety disorders. , 1986, New directions for mental health services.

[10]  Carroll E. Izard,et al.  Discriminating patterns of emotions in 10- and 11-yr-old children's anxiety and depression. , 1986 .

[11]  C. Izard,et al.  Discriminating patterns of emotions in 10- and 11-year-old children's anxiety and depression. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[12]  M. Carey,et al.  Conditioned side effects induced by cancer chemotherapy: prevention through behavioral treatment. , 1987, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[13]  Rex Forehand,et al.  Psychosocial Impairment Associated With Anxiety in Children , 1987 .

[14]  Children's Depression Inventory: construct and discriminant validity across clinical and nonreferred (control) populations. , 1987, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[15]  W. Silverman,et al.  The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children. , 1988, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[16]  P. Lachenbruch.  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.) , 1989 .

[17]  S. Bradley.  Affect Regulation and Psychopathology: Bridging the Mind-Body Gap , 1990, Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie.

[18]  D. Watson,et al.  Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. , 1991, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[19]  P. Kendall,et al.  Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. , 1992, Psychological bulletin.

[20]  Richard A. Fabes,et al.  Emotion, regulation, and the development of social competence. , 1992 .

[21]  J. Richters.  Depressed mothers as informants about their children: a critical review of the evidence for distortion. , 1992, Psychological bulletin.

[22]  Jeff T. Larsen,et al.  The psychophysiology of emotion. , 1993 .

[23]  M. E. Lynch,et al.  Social and emotional competence in children of depressed mothers. , 1993, Child development.

[24]  M. Lewis.  The emergence of human emotions. , 1993 .

[25]  D. L. Mumme,et al.  A functionalist perspective on the nature of emotion. , 1994, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development.

[26]  P. Cole,et al.  The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: a clinical perspective. , 1994, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development.

[27]  J. Coie,et al.  Emotional correlates of social competence in children's peer relationships. , 1994 .

[28]  Dc Washington.  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed. , 1994 .

[29]  M. Carey,et al.  Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: negative affectivity and the utility of self-reports. , 1994, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[30]  D. Cicchetti,et al.  Emotions and emotion regulation in developmental psychopathology , 1995, Development and Psychopathology.

[31]  R. Rapee,et al.  Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children , 1996, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[32]  J. Garber,et al.  Display rules for anger, sadness, and pain: it depends on who is watching. , 1996, Child development.

[33]  R. Rapee.  Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression. , 1997, Clinical psychology review.

[34]  P. Salovey,et al.  Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications. , 1997 .

[35]  D Cicchetti,et al.  Emotion regulation among school-age children: the development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. , 1997, Developmental psychology.

[36]  N. Eisenberg,et al.  Emotional responding: Regulation, social correlates, and socialization. , 1997 .

[37]  D. Barlow,et al.  The structure of negative emotions in a clinical sample of children and adolescents. , 1998, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[38]  Tracy L. Spinrad,et al.  Parental Socialization of Emotion. , 1998, Psychological inquiry.

[39]  T. Brown,et al.  Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. , 1998, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[40]  Thomas E. Joiner,et al.  A measure of positive and negative affect for children: Scale development and preliminary validation. , 1999 .

[41]  H. Merckelbach,et al.  The relationship between anxious rearing behaviours and anxiety disorders symptomatology in normal children. , 1999, Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.

[42]  C. Lonigan,et al.  Positive and negative affectivity in children: confirmatory factor analysis of a two-factor model and its relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression. , 1999, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[43]  J A Hanley,et al.  Agreement in measuring socio-economic status: area-based versus individual measures. , 2000, Chronic diseases in Canada.

[44]  P. Kendall,et al.  A Preliminary Study of the Emotion Understanding of Youths Referred for Treatment of Anxiety Disorders , 2000, Journal of clinical child psychology.

[45]  Truls Østbye,et al.  A comparison of methods for measuring socio-economic status by occupation or postal area. , 2000, Chronic diseases in Canada.

[46]  D. Garfield,et al.  Affect Regulation and the Development of Psychopathology , 2001 .

[47]  R. Rapee.  The development of generalized anxiety. , 2001 .

[48]  J. Zeman,et al.  Development and Initial Validation of the Children's Sadness Management Scale , 2001 .

[49]  T. Ollendick,et al.  The Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety , 2001 .

[50]  M. Dadds,et al.  Family processes in the development of anxiety problems. , 2001 .

[51]  Ross A. Thompson,et al.  Childhood Anxiety Disorders from the Perspective of Emotion Regulation and Attachment , 2001 .

[52]  W. Silverman,et al.  Test-retest reliability of anxiety symptoms and diagnoses with the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: child and parent versions. , 2001, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[53]  P. Kendall,et al.  Emotion regulation and understanding: implications for child psychopathology and therapy. , 2002, Clinical psychology review.

[54]  J. McCracken,et al.  Concurrent Validity of the Anxiety Disorders Section of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child and Parent Versions , 2002, Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53.

[55]  P. Muris.  Relationships between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in a normal adolescent sample , 2002 .

[56]  B. Chorpita.  The Tripartite Model and Dimensions of Anxiety and Depression: An Examination of Structure in a Large School Sample , 2002, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[57]  C. Suveg,et al.  Anger and Sadness Regulation: Predictions to Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in Children , 2002, Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53.

[58]  C. Morrow,et al.  The Behavior of Anxious Parents: Examining Mechanisms of Transmission of Anxiety From Parent to Child , 2002, Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53.

[59]  김지혜,et al.  아동 발현 불안 척도(Revised Children`s Manifest Anxiety Scale)의 요인구조 분석 , 2003 .

[60]  H. Merckelbach,et al.  Cognitive Development and Worry in Normal Children , 2004, Cognitive Therapy and Research.

[61]  Adolescent Emotional Development: Relations Among Shame- and Guilt-Proneness, Emotion Regulation, and Psychopathology , 2004 .

[62]  E. Cherland.  The Development of Emotional Competence , 2004 .

[63]  S. Shields,et al.  Gender and Emotion , 2006 .