Fertility, Human Capital, and Economic Growth over the Demographic Transition

Do low fertility and population aging lead to economic decline if couples have fewer children, but invest more in each child? By addressing this question, this article extends previous work in which the authors show that population aging leads to an increased demand for wealth that can, under some conditions, lead to increased capital per worker and higher per capita consumption. This article is based on an overlapping generations (OLG) model which highlights the quantity–quality tradeoff and the links between human capital investment and economic growth. It incorporates new national level estimates of human capital investment produced by the National Transfer Accounts project. Simulation analysis is employed to show that, even in the absence of the capital dilution effect, low fertility leads to higher per capita consumption through human capital accumulation, given plausible model parameters.RésuméLes basses fécondités et le veillissement de la population conduisent-ils au déclin économique si les couples ont moins d’enfants, mais investissent plus dans chaque enfant? La présente étude explore cette question, dans le prolongement d’un travail antérieur des auteurs, dans lequel ils avaient établi que le vieillissement des populations suscite une demande accrue de richesse qui peut, sous certaines conditions, entraîner un accroissement du capital par travailleur et une consommation par habitant plus élevée. La méthode employée est basée sur une modèle à générations imbriquées qui met en évidence le compromis entre quantité et qualité et les liens entre investissement en capital humain et croissance économique. L’analyse intègre de nouvelles estimations nationales de l’investissement en capital humain produites par le National Transfer Accounts Project (projet des comptes de transfert nationaux). Une simulation permet de montrer que, même en l’absence d’effet de dilution du capital, une basse fécondité conduit à une consommation par habitant plus élevée à travers une accumulation de capital humain, avec des paramètres de modélisation plausibles.

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