Mechanical properties of CNT reinforced hybrid functionally graded materials for bioimplants

Abstract The hybrid functionally graded materials (FGM) of hydroxyapatite (HA), stainless steel 316L (SS316L) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were synthesized for biomedical implants. Three different types of FGM were produced by the combination of SS316L and CNT to reinforce HA in discrete layers of FGM. In the first type of FGM, concentration of SS316L was varied from 10% to 40% (mass fraction) with an increment of 10% to reinforce micro HA. In the second type of FGM, 0.5% (mass fraction) functionalized CNT was added by maintaining the rest of composition as that of the first type of FGM. In the third type of FGM, mixture of micro and nano HA (mass ratio1:1) was used, keeping rest of composition similar to the second type of FGM. All types of FGM were subjected to uniaxial compaction and sintered by pressureless sintering technique at similar compaction and sintering parameters. The results show that the densification is enhanced with the addition of CNT and nanocrystalline HA in the FGM. Hardness and fracture toughness increase in both FGM reinforced with CNT, but the increase of the hardness and fracture toughness are more pronounced in FGM with micro and nanocrystalline HA.