Critical ventilation velocity for multi-source tunnel fires

Abstract Ventilation is an effective method for controlling smoke during a fire. The “critical ventilation velocity” u cr is defined as the minimum velocity at which smoke is prevented from spreading under longitudinal ventilation flow in tunnel fire situations. All previous studies on this topic have simulated fire scenarios in which only one fire source exists. This study conducted small-scale experiments and numerical simulations to investigate u cr for cases in which two tunnel fires occur simultaneously. The tunnel was 4 m long, 0.6 m wide and 0.6 m tall. Three cases of two variously separated fires were experimentally explored and six cases were examined numerically. Both the experimental and simulation results indicated that for two identical fires, u cr declines with separation. When the two fire sources are separate completely, u cr can be determined by considering only a single fire. When the larger fire is upstream of the smaller downstream fire, u cr also decreases with the separation. When two such fires sources are completely separate, u cr can be evaluated by considering only the larger fire. The concurrent ventilation flow and flow of downstream smoke from the larger fire are strong enough to suppress the smoke flow from the smaller fire. However, when the smaller fire is upstream of the larger fire, the decrease in u cr becomes insignificant as distance increases and the flow at u cr must overcome the flow from both fires.